Chapter 17 Middle and South America

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Chapter 17 Middle and South America

• II. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY

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A. Native Americans

• Native Americans lived in the region for
  thousands of years before Columbuss arrival

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A. Native Americans

• Three great Native American civilizations were
  the Olmecs, the Mayas, and the Aztecs

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A. Native Americans

• The Olmecs were the first people to build
  religious pyramids

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A. Native Americans

• The Mayas had the most advanced Native American
  culture

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A. Native Americans

• The Aztec Empire was centered at Tenochtitlan,
  present-day Mexico City

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A. Native Americans

• War and diseases were some of the many causes for
  the decline of Native American civilizations

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B. European colonization

• A treaty between Spain and Portugal in 1494
  divided the Western Hemisphere into Spanish and
  Portuguese colonies

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B. European colonization

• Colonists quickly settled in Middle and South
  America

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B. European colonization

• By mid-1600s, the French, British, and Dutch
  began to acquire colonies

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B. European colonization

• Colonies included smaller islands of the
  Caribbean, as well as Jamaica and Haiti

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B. European colonization

• Mainland settlements were British Honduras (now
  Belize), British Guiana (now Guyana), French
  Guiana, and Suriname

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B. European colonization

• All colonies were based on plantation agriculture
  with the major crops being sugarcane, indigo,
  and, bananas

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B. European colonization

• Native Americans and later African slaves
  provided most of the labor for the plantation

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B. European colonization

• Because there were few women colonists, Europeans
  often married Native American or African women

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B. European colonization

• Mestizos are people with both Native American and
  European ancestors
  

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B. European colonization

• Mulattos are descendants of Europeans and
  Africans
  

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C. Independence

• Between 1808 and 1825, many colonies in Middle
  and South America gained independence

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C. Independence

• The economies and societies of the various
  countries changed little from colonial days

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C. Independence

• After independence, Middle and South America
  began trading more with Great Britain and the
  United States

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C. Independence

• The Monroe Doctrine declared Middle and South
  American countries to be off-limits to new
  European colonization

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Chapter 17 Middle and South America

• III. ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

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A. Natural resources

• The region has rich mineral deposits, fertile
  soils, and climates suitable for growing many
  different crops

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A. Natural resources

• Gold and silver deposits are found in
• Mexico, Colombia, and Peru

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A. Natural resources

• Copper is mined in parts of the Andes, in central
  Brazil, and in Mexicos mountains

Andes Copper Mine
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A. Natural resources

• Bauxite is widely available in northeastern South
  America and in Jamaica

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A. Natural resources

• Petroleum is found in many countries of the
• region

Total petroleum reserves in Latin America and the
Caribbean (shown here as millions of barrels),
are seven times higher than in the United States.
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A. Natural resources

• Dams on many rivers provide irrigation water and
  generate electricity

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B. Agriculture

• Traditional agricultural systems include large
  estates called haciendas

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B. Agriculture

• In subsistence agriculture, food is produced
  mainly for home use
  

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B. Agriculture

• Commercial and plantation agriculture uses the
  latest farming methods

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B. Agriculture

• Agriculture products are exported to
  international markets

Brazil's beef export industry is one of the
world's largest.
Ecuador Agricultural Products Banana, Coffee,
Palm Hearts, Asparagus, Canned vegetables
Broccoli, Fruits, Cocoa
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B. Agriculture

• Plantations are usually part of large,
  foreign-owned corporations

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C. Industry

• The largest industrial region extends from Rio de
  Janeiro in Brazil to Buenos Aires in Argentina

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C. Industry

• Most of the regions factories produce food
  items, consumer goods, or building materials

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C. Industry

• Tourism is a growing industry, particularly in
  the Caribbean islands
  

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Chapter 17 Middle and South America

• IV. REGIONAL ISSUES

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A. Population

• Middle and South America are experiencing rapid
  population growth
  

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A. Population

• Many rural migrants move to larger cities looking
  for jobs

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A. Population

• Most rural migrants live in small shantytowns
  that form around large cities
  

Lima, Peru
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B. Economic and social contrast

• Lack of economic development has contributed to
  political instability
  

Members of the Shining Path guerrilla movement in
Peru display their weapons.
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B. Economic and social contrast

• Wealth and land often remain in the hands of
  powerful families
  

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B. Economic and social contrast

• Land reform is breaking up the huge landholdings
  and allowing small farmers to own their own land

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B. Economic and social contrast

• Aid money for the poor is often wasted or
  embezzled

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B. Economic and social contrast

• Many of the regions countries have huge debts
  owed to foreign countries

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B. Economic and social contrast

• Other challenges include deforestation, growing
  and trafficking of illegal drugs, and
  revolutionary movements