Sudanese Women in Technology

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Sudanese Women in Technology
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Pioneering Women of Computing

• Kay McNulty Mauchly Antonelli
• Alice Burks
• Edith Clarke
• Alexandra Illmer Forsythe
• Adele Goldstine
• Evelyn Boyd Granville
• Erna Schneider Hoover
• Rósa Péter
• Anita Borg

Taken from the web site http//www.cs.yale.edu/hom
es/tap/past-women-cs.html
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Kay McNulty Mauchly Antonelli

• During the early 1940's, Kay McNulty, a recent
  math graduate from Chestnut Hill College, was
  employed along with about 75 other young female
  mathematicians as a "computer" by the University
  of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Engineering.
• These "computers" were responsible for making
  calculations for tables of firing and bombing
  trajectories, as part of the war effort. The need
  to perform the calculations more quickly prompted
  the development of the ENIAC, the world's first
  electronic digital computer, in 1946.

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Alice Burks

• Alice Burks has coauthored numerous articles on
  ENIAC and the history of computers with her
  husband, Arthur Burks, a computer scientist who
  was part of the ENIAC team.

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Edith Clarks

• In 1918, Edith left to enroll in the EE program
  at MIT, earning her MSc. degree (the first degree
  ever awarded by that department to a woman) in
  June 1919.
• In 1919, she took a job as a computer for GE in
  Schenectady, NY, and in 1921 filed a patent for a
  "graphical calculator" to be employed in solving
  electric power transmission line problems. Also
  in 1921, she took a leave from GE to take a
  position as a professor of physics at the
  U.S.-founded Constantinople Women's College in
  Turkey. Returning to GE in 1922 as a salaried
  electrical engineer.
• Edith continued there till her first retirement
  in 1945. In 1947, after a brief first retirement
  on a farm in Maryland, she accepted an EE
  professorship at the University of Texas, Austin,
  and became the first woman to teach engineering
  there. She worked there as a full professor until
  her second retirement in 1956.

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Alexandra Illmer Forsythe (1918-1980)

• Alexandra Illmer Forsythe studied mathematics in
  college and graduate school, and then became
  interested in computing. During the 1960's and
  1970's, she co-authored a series of textbooks on
  computer science, published by Wiley Sons and
  Academic Press. Her first was the first textbook
  written in CS. Among her books were
• A.I. Forsythe, T.A. Keenan, E. I. Organick, and
  W. Stenberg, Computer Science A First Course.
  Wiley Sons, 1969 (1st ed.), 1975 (2nd ed.)
• E.I. Organick, A.I. Forsythe, and R.P.Plummer,
  Programming Language Structures. Academic Press,
  1978.

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Margaret R. Fox

• Fox graduated from Wisconsin State College in
  1940. She joined the U.S. Naval Reserve in 1943
  and was stationed at the Naval Research Station
  in Washington.
• She continued to work there as an electronics
  engineer in radar after her discharge in 1946.
• In 1951 she joined the National Bureau of
  Standards as a member of the technical staff of
  the Electronic Computer Laboratory. Later, she
  joined the Research Information Center and
  Advisory Service on Information Processing
  (RICASIP) where she was involved in producing
  reviews and bibliographies. From 1966 to 1975 Fox
  was chief of the Office of Computer Information
  in the NBS Institute for Computer Science and
  Technology.
• Fox was involved in several professional groups,
  especially the Association for Computing
  Machinery (ACM), and the American Federation for
  Information Processing Societies (AFIPS). She was
  the first secretary of AFIPS."

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Adele Goldstine

• Adele Goldstine was the wife of Dr. Herman
  Goldstine, who assisted in the creation of the
  ENIAC, the world's first electronic digital
  computer, at UPenn in the 1940's.
• Adele Goldstine made an indelible contribution to
  the ENIAC project herself by authoring the Manual
  for the ENIAC in 1946. This original technical
  description of the ENIAC detailed the machine
  right down to its resistors.

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Evelyn Boyd Granville

• Evelyn Boyd Granville, who earned her doctorate
  in Mathematics in 1949 from Yale University, was
  one of the first African American women to earn a
  Ph.D. in Mathematics.
• During her career, she developed computer
  programs that were used for trajectory analysis
  in the Mercury Project (the first U.S. manned
  mission in space) and in the Apollo Project
  (which sent U.S. astronauts to the moon).

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Erna Schneider Hoover

• she invented a computerized switching system for
  telephone traffic, to replace existing
  hard-wired, mechanical switching equipment. For
  this ground-breaking achievement -- the
  principles of which are still used today -- she
  was awarded one of the first software patents
  ever issued (Patent 3,623,007, Nov. 23, 1971) .
• She worked at Bell Labs,where she became the
  first female supervisor of a technical department.

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Rósa Péter (1905-1977)

• A founder of recursive function theory. Rósa
  wrote Recursive Functions in 1951, which was the
  first book on the topic and became a standard
  reference. In 1952 Kleene described Rósa Péter in
  a paper in Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. as the
  leading contributor to the special theory of
  recursive functions."
• From the mid 1950's she applied recursive
  function theory to computers. In 1976 her last
  book was on this topic Recursive Functions in
  Computer Theory.

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Joan Margaret Winters Continues

• In the mid-1970s Winters became active in SHARE,
  an International Business Machines (IBM) computer
  user group. In 1976 she joined SHARE's Human
  Factors Project, a group dedicated to educating
  members of SHARE and employees of IBM about the
  importance of human factors in the design of
  hardware and, especially, software and conducting
  research into human factors and software
  appraisal tools.

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Anita Borg

• Anita found her way to a computer keyboard in her
  mid-20s. She received a Ph.D. in computer science
  from the Courant Institute at New York University
  in 1981 and embarked on a brilliant research
  career for some of the industry's commercial
  giants. Her success in breaking through the
  "silicon ceiling" was an exception that proved
  the rule
• In 1987 while attending a major industry
  conference, she realized there were only a
  handful of women attending. She pulled that small
  group together and started Systers, an e-mail
  list and information-sharing community providing
  mentors, support and encouragement to women in
  computing. Today, Systers has grown to include
  over 2,500 women in 38 countries.

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Anita Borg

• In 1994, Dr. Borg co-founded the Grace Hopper
  Celebration of Women in Computing inspired by the
  legacy of Navy Admiral Grace Murray Hopper. Held
  biennially, the conference brings the research
  and career interests of women in computing to the
  forefront. Today it is the largest gathering of
  Women in Computing in the World.
• In 1997, Dr. Borg left the industry to found and
  lead the Institute for Women and Technology
  (IWT). Besides assuming responsibility for
  existing programs - including Systers and the
  Grace Hopper Celebrations - IWT is an
  experimental research and development
  organization focused on increasing the impact of
  women on technology, as well as heightening the
  positive impact of technology on women around the
  world.

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Examples of organizations tackling women in
technology

• SET For Women UK
• A project of the Office of Science and
• Technology in the United Kingdom. The unit
• was set up to tackle women's under-representation
  
• in the science, engineering and technology (SET)
• community. Our aim is to improve the
  recruitment,
• retention and progression of women throughout
• SET education and employment and to increase
• their involvement in shaping SET policy.
• Website http//www.set4women.gov.uk/

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Women in Technology (WorldWIT)

• A world for women in technology and business. A
  resource for professional women to share ideas,
  network, mentor, and learn on a local and global
  level. Offers moderated email discussion groups
  and face-to-face networking opportunities.
• Web Site http//www.worldwit.org/

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Women_at_SCS

• The website of a committee of women at Carnegie
  Mellon's School of Computer Science. "Women_at_SCS
  aspires to revolutionize the way women are viewed
  in technological fields.
• Web Site wascs.sp.cs.cmu.edu/

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Wise-Women

• Wise-Women is an international community and
  network dedicated to supporting women who work
  as, or aspire to becoming, Web designers,
  developers, and programmers.
• Their members are talented, dedicated people
  from all parts of the world, who come together
  and share information, tips, and concerns about
  developing the World Wide Web, in an environment
  designed to encourage women in this field.
• Web Site http//www.wise-women.org/

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Women Connect

• Women Connect is a community development
  initiative working to get women online.
• Their aim is to support and encourage the use of
  the internet in ways that are needed and wanted
  to learn to share ideas with other women's
  groups to make voices heard in communities.
• Web site http//www.womenconnect.org.uk/

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Association for Women in Science

• Dedicated to achieving equity and full
  participation for women in science, mathematics,
  engineering and technology. Offers the usual
  association benefits, including extensive job
  listings.
• Web Site http//www.awis.org/

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Women in Consulting (WIC)

• We provide and support a collaborative community
  in which independent consultants can discuss
  their business needs, network, share information
  and learn about starting, running, and promoting
  an independent consulting practice.
• Web site http//www.womeninconsulting.org/

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Computer Research Association's Committee on the
Status of Women in Computing Research (CRA-W)

• Part of the Computing Research Association, CRA-W
  is dedicated to increasing the number of women
  participating in Computer Science and
  Engineering(CSE) research and education at all
  levels. Has various programs, committees, awards,
  and, for potential students
• Web Site www.cra.org/Activities/craw/

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LinuxChix

• LinuxChix is a community for women who like
  Linux, and for supporting women in computing. It
  offers mailing lists, articles, and online-based
  courses.
• Web Site http//www.linuxchix.org/

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Women in Engineering Programs Advocates Network
(WEPAN)

• Founded in 1990 and supported by Purdue
  University, the University of Michigan, and
  Stevens Institute of Technology, this
  organization aims to increase the number of women
  working in the engineering profession. The
  website offers information on grants,
  scholarships, and fellowships available,
  engineering departments at universities around
  the country, and an extensive bibliography. A
  members-only section also offers an extensive set
  of education and salary statistics.
• Web Site http//www.wepan.org/

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Society of Women Engineers

• Founded in 1950, this organization encourages
  women to become engineers. It offers various
  conferences, awards, job listings, and a
  bimonthly journal.

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Center for Women Information Technology

• The Center has a four-fold mission
• to encourage more women and girls to study
  computer science and/or information systems and
  to pursue careers in IT
• to enable all women and girls to use IT
  comfortably and knowledgeably
• to assure that the richness and breadth of
  women's lives and concerns are fully represented
  and readily available on the Internet
• to foster research concerning the relationship
  between gender and IT.
• Web Site www.umbc.edu/cwit

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Women's Technology Program

• A four-week summer residence program at MIT to
  introduce women high school students to the
  fields of Electrical Engineering and Computer
  Science.
• Web Site http//wtp.mit.edu/

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The Women's Technology Cluster

• The WTC is a project of the Three Guineas Fund, a
  social justice organization whose mission is to
  create economic opportunities for women and
  girls.
• The long-term goal is to use this platform to
  create an entrepreneurial imagination that is
  educated for and focused on social change
  philanthropy benefiting the community as much as
  it is focused on business success.
• The WTC provides a rare space where womens
  business ideas are given top priority and serves
  as an international model for breaking down
  structural and cultural barriers to sustainable
  power for women
• Web Site http//www.womenstechcluster.org/

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MentorGirls

• Maximizing the benefits of our local and global
  community network, our intentions at
  www.mentorgirls.org include nurturing a web-based
  resource destination where prospective and
  seasoned mentors, role models, and volunteers can
  evaluate and strengthen their contributions to
  local and online communities. By providing
  relevant resources to women who seek to make
  impact by helping bridge digital opportunities
  and helping empower communities, we are
  supporting every effort to get involved and make
  a difference in a girl's world
• Web Site http//www.mentorgirls.org/

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ITBeat

• From the United Kingdom, this pink-and-blue site
  aims to lure teenage girls into the IT arena via
  a competition to design a cool website for a pop
  star. Behind ITBeat is a variety of
  organizations, including IBM, the British
  Department of Trade and Industry, and various
  music industry figures.
• Web Site http//www.itbeat.com/

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JobStar

• Not strictly for information technologists, or,
  for that matter, women, this site is noteworthy
  in part because it was created and is run by a
  librarian who goes by the nom de plume of
  "Electra". As one might expect, this is a great
  reference site, with tons of information for the
  jobhunter.

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WomenTechWorld.org

• The on-line home for women technicians to connect
  with each other.
• Part of the WomenTech Project funded by the
  National Science Foundation. The WomenTech
  Project is run by the Institute for Women in
  Trades, Technology Science (IWITTS).

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Society for Canadian Women in Science and
Technology

• SCWST's three-part mission is to promote equal
  opportunities for women in scientific,
  technological and engineering careers improve
  social attitudes on the stereotyping of careers
  in science and educate the public about careers
  in science and technology and assist educators
  by providing current information on careers and
  career training, science and scientific policies.

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Women in MultiMedia

• WiM is a non-profit organization working towards
  providing support, education, and resources to
  women involved in new media/internet careers
• . WiM examines the social implications of
  emerging technologies, in addition to supporting
  individuals in their professional and artistic
  development. As a representative voice of women
  in new media, WiM offers diverse perspectives,
  critical commentary, and constructive strategies
  to influence the future of new media.
• Web Site http//www.wim.org/

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SFWoW

• The SFWoW mission is to serve, educate, and
  empower members of the organization and other
  women on the Internet and in new media industries
  through professional development and support,
  expansive and diverse networking opportunities,
  and intensive community involvement. Members meet
  both online via their very active listserve and
  offline at coffee klatches, workshops, and other
  events.
• Web Site http//www.sfwow.org/

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GraceNet

• Networking group in Silicon Valley, meeting the
  third Tuesday of every month. http//www.gracenet.
  net/

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The Center for Women and Information Technology,

• Established at the University of Maryland
  Baltimore County (UMBC) in July, 1998, seeks to
  address and rectify the above-mentioned problems
  and to enhance our understanding of the
  relationship between gender and IT. The Center
  has a three-fold mission
• To encourage more women and girls to prepare for
  careers and become leaders in information
  technology
• To communicate information related to the
  richness and breadth of women's lifes, concerns,
  and possibilities using technology
• To foster research concerning gender and
  information technology

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ACM (Women in Computing)

• The goal of the ACM-W student chapters is to
  recruit and retain women students in
  undergraduate and graduate computing programs.
  The chapters provide a variety of activities to
  educate women about the opportunities in the
  field of computing, engage women students in
  exciting computing activities, connect students
  with women leaders in the field, encourage
  students to promote the field of computing to
  young girls, and promote the activities of ACM.
  For those many institutions that already offer
  informal mentoring programs with similar goals
  and activities, formalizing these groups into
  ACM-W chapters can provide additional resources
  and networking opportunities.

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The Institute for Women and Technology

• The Institute for Women and Technology is an
  advanced research, development, advocacy and
  action organization. The Institute seeks to
  catalyze RD initiatives throughout industry,
  academia, government and the non-profit sector
  that fully engage women in all phases of their
  work. IWT draws women around the world into
  active and equitable involvement in the
  definition, creation of information
  technologies.The Institute accomplishes its
  mission through four specific programs The Grace
  Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing
  Conference, The Systers online community, The
  Senior Women's Summit, and the Virtual
  Development Center. The Institute also partners
  in important initiatives that enhance its mission
  and support its constituencies. Each program and
  initiative address's the IWT mission in a unique
  way and focuses on specific communities within
  its constituency.

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Institute for women in technologyContinues

• The process of increasing the participation of
  women in technical areas and developing
  technology that meets women's needs can be seen
  as a spiral of growth and change. As education
  changes to support women in technical pursuits,
  the number of women in technology will increase.
  As their numbers increase, the results of their
  work will come to reflect the experience and
  situations of women. As more useful tools and
  products appear, women's lives will improve and
  the world will become a more hospitable place.
• As women find technology useful and appealing
  and the old stereotypes of "nerd" and "engineer"
  lose their power, the field will become more
  appealing and more women will seek technical
  education for themselves and their daughters.
  This is an optimistic vision, but it is both
  possible and necessary.

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• Mission
• To increase the impact of women on all aspects of
  technology.
• To increase the positive impact of technology on
  the lives of the world's women.
• To help communities, industry, education and
  governments benefit from these increases.

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Philosophy

• In order to create a world in which technology
  fully and positively serves the world's
  population, we must assure that
• Women are actively and equally involved in all
  aspects of technology,
• The consideration of women's needs in the
  development of technologies is the norm,
• Technology policy in government, industry and
  academia fully takes women into account.

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Priorities

• Selection of projects with potential for systemic
  change, global impact and a strong relationship
  to both parts of the Institute's mission (women's
  impact and impact on women).
• Creation of women-friendly environments in all of
  our work.
• Emphasize the relationship between technology and
  community.
• Development of the Institute's expertise and
  excellence as a resource for information on
  technology inspired and created by women.
• Encouragement of cross sector collaboration
  (industry/education/business/ngo/philanthropic)
• Leverage other's work and do not reinvent the
  wheel, but recognize the possibility that shifts
  in perspective from existing work can be of great
  value.
• Emphasize and support communication and
  connection.
• Initially focus on information technologies.

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Constituencies

• We have identified four cross sections of the
  population of women will particularly benefit
  from the work towards our mission.  All of our
  projects have a positive impact on one or more of
  these sectors
• Women already engaged professionally with
  technology, whether as technologists, policy
  makers, or students preparing for careers.  The
  advance in womens role in technology requires
  first that we support and retain women who are
  already professionally involved in technology,
  and that we engage them in successful efforts to
  expand women's involvement as professionals and
  as users.
• Girls and people working to involve girls in
  technology.  Girls are the builders of the
  future, and it is they who will be the most
  dramatically affected by technology and by our
  innovations. We will work directly with girls and
  with people who work with girls, to engage them
  in the design and use of technology, and in the
  pursuit of technological education and careers.
• Older women whom the information revolution has
  passed by.  Many women who did not grow up with
  information technology, particularly those who
  are not in computerized workplaces, are
  marginalized in multiple ways. Furthermore, as
  populations age and become disproportionately
  female and less-abled, technology can play a
  significant role in improving the quality of
  life. It can also play a role in breaking down
  the isolation of the aged, and assuring that
  older women's expertise and experience are not
  lost to younger generations.  The Institute will
  engage older women in both the design and use of
  technology in the interests of the aging
  population.
• Women in under-served communities in both the
  developed and developing worlds.   Putting women
  and technology in the development picture with
  women taking defining roles can have a worldwide
  impact on families.

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Mentor net

• MentorNet is the award-winning nonprofit
  e-mentoring network that addresses the retention
  and success of those in engineering, science and
  mathematics, particularly but not exclusively
  women. Founded in 1997, MentorNet provides highly
  motivated proteges from many of the world's top
  colleges and universities with positive,
  one-on-one, email-based mentoring relationships
  with mentors from industry and academia. In
  addition, the MentorNet Community provides
  opportunities to connect with others from around
  the world who are interested in diversifying
  engineering and science.

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Women In Computer Science Constitution

• ARTICLE 1
• Name
• The name of this organization shall be Women In
  Computer Science, hereby referred to as WCS.
• ARTICLE 2
• PurposeThe Women in Computer Science is a
  non-profit, educational, service organization
  dedicated to supporting the efforts of young
  women who are considering pursuit of a career in
  computer science or show an overall interest in
  computers.
• ARTICLE 3
• MembershipSection 1. Membership in this chapter
  of WCS shall be open to students enrolled at
  University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
  irrespective of race, creed, religion, sex,
  sexual orientation, color, disability, and their
  course of study. Membership in this chapter shall
  be granted only upon completion of the membership
  application or by the consent of the Executive
  Committee.
• Section 2. All members of the Student Chapter
  shall receive official notice and announcements
  of General Meetings provided Section 1
  requirements are followed.

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Women In Computer Science Constitution

• Section 3. Only Student Chapter Members may
  submit any concerns or changes affecting WCS in
  writing or by electronic mail, which then shall
  be voted on by the Executive Committee. The
  Student Chapter Member who submitted the changes
  may choose to be present during the meeting.
• Section 4. A Student Chapter Member whose
  membership in WCS is terminated shall no longer
  be a Student Chapter Member, at the sole
  discretion of the Executive Board. Upon
  reinstatement to WCS membership such terminated
  Member shall immediately regain full privileges
  of membership in the Student Chapter. The Student
  Chapter President shall inform the Executive
  Committee or other appropriate officer when any
  member is not in good standing in WCS and when
  such member has been reinstated.
• Section 5. Active membership shall be defined as
  any member attending 2 or more events in a
  semester. Active member points shall be awarded
  at the discretion of the Executive Committee.
  These points shall be recorded by the appointed
  Student Chapter Officer in the database and
  reported on the webpage by the Web Developer.
  Active members will be given preference for
  awards and recognition from the section.
• Section 6. A Student Chapter Member may become a
  WCS Mentor if and only if he/she fulfills the
  following requirements
• Major in CS, Math/CS, or Statistics/CS.
• Have a junior/senior standing at UIUC, (meaning
  must have attended UIUC at least two years).
• Have taken at least 125,225,173,231 and if
  possible taken 273 and 232 or expect to take it
  within
• the following school year.
• Willing to commit 45 minutes to an hour per
  week, for each tutee (at most two per mentor).

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Women In Computer Science Constitution

• ARTICLE 4
• Officers
• Section 1. The Officers of the Student Chapter
  shall include a presiding Officer to be known as
  the Student Chapter President, a
  Vice-President/Co-President elect, a Secretary, a
  Treasurer, a Webmaster, a Technical
  Director/Co-Technical Directors, and a Publicity
  Director.
• Section 2. The Student Chapter President,
  Vice-President/Co-President, Secretary,
  Treasurer, Webmaster, Technical
  Director/Co-Technical Directors, and a Publicity
  Director shall serve for an administrative year
  of May to May. The Student Chapter Officers shall
  constitute the Executive Committee.
• Section 3. The Student Chapter President shall
  preside over all meetings of the Executive
  Committee and the Chapter General Meetings. The
  President shall have the right to call a meeting
  of Executive Officers to elect replacement
  officers if a Student Chapter Officer is unable
  to fulfill responsibilities of an office during
  the semester. The President shall appoint the
  Chairs of all sub-committees with the consent of
  the Executive Committee. The Student Chapter
  President shall act as a liaison between the WCS
  Chapter, the CS Department, faculty at UIUC, and
  any corporate companies. The Student Chapter
  President shall plan the WCS Annual Scholarship
  Banquet. The Student Chapter President is
  responsible for maintaining and updating these
  ByLaws.
• Section 5. The Vice-President/President-Elect
  shall actively assist the President, shall
  preside at the Executive Committees meetings or
  Student Chapter meetings in the absence of the
  President, and shall automatically succeed to the
  Office of President upon the inability of the
  President performing his/her duties. The Vice
  President is in charge of arranging speakers,
  times, locations, equipment, and all other
  special necessities for General Meetings and
  Roundtables. The Vice-President is responsible
  for writing proposals to corporate companies and
  providing any necessary information to the
  corporate relations.
• Section 6. The Secretary shall keep a record of
  all meetings of the Executive Committee and
  General Meetings. The Secretary must also produce
  the Society's announcements before each general
  meeting, which may be done with the assistance of
  a committee. The Secretary will be responsible
  for extending the appropriate correspondence for
  the chapter through email, newsletter, etc. The
  Secretary shall also keep a record of all the
  membership points of the Student Chapter.
• Section 7. The Treasurer is responsible to file
  the annual financial report of the Student
  Chapter with the Executive Director of WCS when
  required by WCS. The Treasurer shall keep track
  of the financial record of the Student Section.
  The Treasurer shall administer funds in a
  coordinated effort between herself/himself, the
  President, and the Vice President. The Treasurer
  is also in charge of registering for University
  funding within the required time limits. The
  Treasurer shall administer at least two
  fundraisers for the academic year, which may be
  done with the assistance of a committee.

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Women In Computer Science Constitution

• Section 8. The Publicity Director shall form a
  committee to publicize all WCS events, including
  any and all activities sponsored by the Society.
  The Publicity Director must also set up a booth
  to represent WCS at Quad Day and Engineers Night
  during the Fall Semester, and Activity Day in the
  Spring Semester.
• Section 9. The Webmaster shall maintain and
  improve the WCS web page, and perform maintenance
  on the WCS office computers/printers. Also the
  Webmaster is responsible for maintaining the
  committee mailing lists and the administrating
  the WCS newsgroup.
• Section 10. The Technical Director/Co-Technical
  Directors shall find a corporate sponsor for the
  WCS Team Tech project, and will coordinate the
  WCS Engineering Open House presentation. The
  Technical Director/Co-Technical Directors are
  responsible for the development of this technical
  project. Also, the Technical Director/Co-Technical
  Directors shall be responsible for organizing
  monthly Technical Workshops for the Student
  Chapter Membership, which may be done with the
  assistance of a committee.
• Section 11. The Officers of the Student Chapter
  must be Student Members. They shall be elected by
  a majority of members present and voting at a
  Student Chapter General Meeting. The report of
  all Student Chapter Members who are running will
  be available to the public two weeks before the
  Elections.

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Women In Computer Science Constitution

• Section 12. Candidates for office must submit an
  application no later than two weeks before the
  Elections (no late applications shall be
  accepted). Candidates must be active members
  during the current semester of elections in order
  to be eligible to run for office. Any students
  who are off-campus during the semester of
  elections for either a co-op or study abroad are
  eligible to run for office provided they had
  obtained active membership status during their
  most recent semester on campus. The requirements
  to run for office are
• Be a student at University of Illinois for the
  following academic year.
• Be an active member of WCS, provided Article 3,
  Section 5 requirements are fulfilled.
• Have a minimum of 2.5 G.P.A.
• Be willing to commit their time to WCS for the
  full academic year.
• Section 13. In the event that the an elected
  Student Chapter Officer is unable to perform
  his/her duties, the Executive Committee shall
  choose to appoint a member to serve until the
  next election or to leave the position empty.
• Section 14. The Student Chapter President shall
  decide upon the Executive Committees weekly
  meetings. The Officers of the Student Chapter
  must attend each of these meetings, only three
  absences are allowed. Death in the family,
  sickness, exams, official review sessions, and
  excuses presented to the Student Chapter
  President are not counted against the three
  absences. Unless it is an emergency, the Student
  Chapter Officer must inform the Student Chapter
  President, at least 24 hours before the meeting,
  that he/she will miss the meeting. If a Student
  Chapter Officer misses three meetings he/she will
  be asked to resign from his/her position.
• Section 16. If the Student Chapter Officer does
  not fulfill his/her assigned duties by the agreed
  time during the Executive Committees meeting,
  the Executive Committee may ask the Student
  Chapter Officer to resign.

51
Women In Computer Science Constitution

• ARTICLE 5
• FinancesThe University of Illinois at
  Urbana-Champaign Student Section of WCS shall
  retain the responsibility of obtaining and
  maintaining all corporate funding and
  sponsorship. This funding and sponsorship will be
  used by the Student Section according to the
  stipulations of the company. Donations given as
  general funding shall be used for WCS expenses as
  deemed necessary by the Executive Committee in
  accordance with the goals of WCS.
•  
• ARTICLE 6
• These Bylaws may be amended by two-thirds vote of
  the Active Voting Members present, provided the
  amendments shall have been proposed at least one
  meeting previous to the time of voting. Any
  changes or additional laws must have the approval
  of the Executive Committee before becoming
  effective.