Migration

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Migration

• Chapter 3

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So why has France taken on immigrants?

• France is a country well into stage four of the
  demographic transition
• The current TFR in France is 1.74 (What does this
  mean for the future of France's economy?)?
• France's NIR

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• As a result, people from stage two and three
  countries are moving to stage four countries.
• The basic idea is that migration patterns are
  influenced by and change according to the changes
  that happen within the demographic transition
• International migration is big in stage two
• Interregional migration also happens a lot in
  stage two countries. As farming gets better
  people move into the cities. This puts pressure
  on cities.
• Within stage 3 and 4 countries, the primary
  movement internally (people already within the
  country) is intraregional (give ex's from the
  U.S.)?

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• Remittance flows are the second-largest source,
  behind foreign investment by private companies,
  of external funding for developing countries.
• In 2001, remittance receipts of developing
  countries stood at 72.3bn.

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With all of this conflict why go to France or
anywhere else? Who are the migrants and why do
they Migrate?

• The majority of migrants only go a short distance
• Migration proceeds step by step
• Migrants going long distances generally go by
  preference to one of the great centers of
  commerce
• Large towns/cities grow more by migration than
  by NIR

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Terms How Do these Terms Relate to France and
the Project Riots

• Emmigration / Immigration
• Push / Pull
• Mobility / Migration / Circulation
• Scale (as it relates to migration and size and
  Globalization)?
• Interregional / Intraregional / International /
  Internal
• Guest Workers

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What is Migration?
Key Question
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Movement

• Cyclic Movement movement away from home for a
  short period.
• Commuting
• Seasonal movement
• Nomadism

• Periodic Movement movement away from home for a
  longer period.
• Migrant labor
• Transhumance
• Military service

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Migration

• Migration
• A change in residence that is intended to be
  permanent.

Little Haiti, Miami, Florida
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International Migration Movement across
country borders (implying a degree of
permanence).
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Internal Migration - Movement within a single
countrys borders (implying a degree of
permanence).
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Choose one type of cyclic or periodic movement
and then think of a specific example of the kind
of movement changes both the home and the
destination. How do these places change as a
result of this cyclic or periodic movement?
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Why do People Migrate?
Key Question
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Why do People Migrate?

• Forced Migration Human migration flows in which
  the movers have no choice but to relocate.
• Voluntary Migration Human migration flows in
  which the movers respond to perceived
  opportunity, not force.

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Forced Migration the Atlantic Slave Trade
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Voluntary Migration Migrants weigh push and
pull factors to decide first, to emigrate from
the home country and second, where to go.
Distance Decay weighs into the decision to
migrate, leading many migrants to move less far
than they originally contemplate.
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Kinds of Voluntary Migration

• Step Migration
• When a migrant follows a path of a series of
  stages, or steps toward a final destination.
• intervening opportunity at one of the steps
  along
• the path, pull factors encourage the migrant
  to settle
• there.
• Chain Migration
• When a migrant communicates to family and friends
  at home, encouraging further migration along the
  same path, along kinship links.

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Types of Push and Pull Factors

• Economic Conditions
• Political Circumstances
• Armed Conflict and Civil War
• Environmental Conditions
• Culture and Traditions
• Technological Advances

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Economic Conditions Migrants will often risk
their lives in hopes of economic opportunities
that will enable them to send money home
(remittances) to their family members who remain
behind.
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Environmental Conditions In Montserrat, a 1995
volcano made the southern half of the island,
including the capital city of Plymouth,
uninhabitable. People who remained migrated to
the north or to the U.S.
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Think about a migration flow within your family,
whether internal, international, voluntary, or
forced. The flow can be one you experienced or
one you only heard about through family. List the
push and pull factors. Then, write a letter in
the first person (if you were not involved,
pretend you were your grandmother or whomever) to
another family member at home describing how
you came to migrate to your destination.
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Where do People Migrate?
Key Question
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Global Migration Flows

• Between 1500 and 1950, major global migration
  flows were influenced largely by
• Exploration
• Colonization
• The Atlantic Slave Trade
• Impacts the place the migrants leave and where
  the migrants go.

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Major Global Migration Flows From 1500 to 1950
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Regional Migration Flows

• Migrants go to neighboring countries
• - for short term economic opportunities.
• - to reconnect with cultural groups
• across borders.
• - to flee political conflict or war.

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Economic Opportunities Islands of Development
Places within a region or country where foreign
investment, jobs, and infrastructure are
concentrated.
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Economic Opportunities In late 1800s and early
1900s, Chinese migrated throughout Southeast Asia
to work in trade, commerce, and finance.
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Reconnecting Cultural Groups About 700,000 Jews
migrated to then-Palestine between 1900 and
1948. After 1948, when the land was divided into
two states (Israel and Palestine), 600,000
Palestinian Arabs fled or were pushed out of
newly-designated Israeli territories.
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Jerusalem, Israel Jewish settlements on the West
Bank.
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National Migration Flows

• Also known as internal migration
• - eg. US, Russia, Mexico

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Guest Workers

• Guest workers migrants whom a country allows in
  to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will
  go home once the labor need subsides.
• - have short term work visas
• - send remittances to home country

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Refugees
A person who flees across an international
boundary because of a well-founded fear of being
persecuted for reasons of race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social
group, or political opinion.
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Regions of Dislocation What regions generate
the most refugees?

• Subsaharan Africa
• North Africa and Southwest Asia
• South Asia
• Southeast Asia
• Europe

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The Sudan Fighting in the Darfur region of the
Sudan has generated thousands of refugees. In
eastern Chad, the Iridimi refugee camp is home to
almost 15,000 refugees from the Darfur province,
including the women in this photo.
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Imagine you are from an extremely poor country,
and you earn less than 1 a day. Choose a country
to be from, and look for it on a map. Assume you
are a voluntary migrant. You look at your access
to transportation and the opportunities you have
to go elsewhere. Be realistic, and describe how
you determine where you will go, how you get
there, and what you do once you get there.
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How do Governments Affect Migration?
Key Question
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Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration

• Immigration laws laws that restrict or allow
  migration of certain groups into a country.
• Quotas limit the number of migrants from each
  region into a country.
• A country uses selective immigration to bar
  people with certain backgrounds from entering.

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Waves of Immigration

• Changing immigration laws, and changing push and
  pull factors create waves of immigration.

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Post-September 11
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One goal of international organizations involved
in aiding refugees is repatriation return of
the refugees to their home countries once the
threat against them has passed. Take the example
of Sudanese refugees. Think about how their land
and their lives have changed since they became
refugees. You are assigned the daunting task of
repatriating Sudanese from Uganda once a peace
solution is reached. What steps would you have to
take to re-discover a home for these refugees?