Migration

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MIGRATION
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CONCEPT OF MIGRATION

• Migration is the crossing of the boundary of a
  political or administrative unit for a certain
  period of time.
• People who move in this manner are called
  Migrants.
• Some migrant move voluntarily and some are forced
  to leave their homes.

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CAUSES OF MIGRATION

• Economic Migration Moving to find work or pursue
  a particular career.
• Social Migration Moving to be closer to family
  or friends or for better quality of life.
• Political Migration Moving to escape war or
  political pressure.
• Environmental Causes Moving away from an area
  due to natural disasters.

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PUSH AND PULL FACTORS OF MIGRATION

• The causes of migration are a series of push and
  pull factors.
• Those factors which either forcefully push
  someone into migration or attract them.

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PUSH FACTORS
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OTHER PUSH FACTORS

• Conflict or civil war
• Racial discrimination
• Religious intolerance
• Shortage of food
• Poor medical care
• Drought,famine or natural disasters

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PULL FACTORS
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OTHER FACTORS

• Quality education
• Better living standards
• Better medical care
• Family links
• Post retirement comforts and benefits

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TYPES OF MIGRATION

• IMMIGRATION
• It is the process of people coming in from
  elsewhere into another country to settle. The
  people who arrive in a country are known as
  Immigrants.
• EMIGRATION
• It is the process of people leaving their home
  country and moving out to new places.
• The people who leave their country are called
  Emigrants.

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RURAL URBAN MIGRATION

• Rural urban migration involves the movement of
  people from rural areas to urban areas of the
  same country. This type of migration is termed as
  Internal Migration.
• Impact Of Rural Urban Migration
• Urban Growth- expansion of towns and cities.
• Urbanization- overpopulation,emergence of
  slums,development of satellite towns and mega
  cities population of over 10 million people

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COUNTER URBANISATION

• The movement of people back to the rural areas in
  search for quiet,pollution-free life is known as
  the urban rural migration,also known as Counter
  Urbanization.
• In India migration from small towns and villages
  to metro cities like Delhi,Mumbai,Chennai and
  Kolkata is an example of internal migration

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URBAN - URBAN MIGRATION

• It involves the movement of people from one urban
  area to another urban area of the same country.
• CAUSES
• Professional transfers.
• Changing jobs.
• Change of city for education.
• Change of place due to housing and transport
  facilities.

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OTHER TYPES OF MIGRATIONS

• Intercontinental MigrationMovement of people is
  across continents such as from Korea Asia to
  Brazil South America .
• If the movement is on the same continent it is
  known as Intracontinental migration.
• Forced or involuntary migration- It is when the
  government or authorities of a place force people
  to migrate for a reason.
• Return migration- This involves the voluntary
  return of migrants to their original place after
  they outlive the reasons for which they left.

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MIGRATION

• ON DESTINATION COUNTRY
• POSITIVE IMPACTS
  
• Cheap Labour
• Skilled labour
• Cultural diversity
• NEGATIVE IMPACTS
• Job loss
• Discrimination
• Social/Civil pressure
• Breakdown of culture and traditions
• Diseases
• 
  

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT

• ON HOME COUNTRY
• POSITIVE IMPACTS
• Remittances
• Better job prospects for locals
• Knowledge and skills flow
• NEGATIVE IMPACTS
• Loss of skilled labour
• Population and markets
• Social/family

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BRAIN-DRAIN

• MEANING
• The departure of highly qualified people for
  other countries where they have better
  opportunities and usually better pay, is called
  the Brain Drain.
• Usually the movement occurs
• from developing to developed
• countries.

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CAUSES OF BRAIN DRAIN

• PUSH FACTORS
• Unemployment
• Political Instability
• Absence of Research Facilities
• Employment discrimination
• Lack of freedom
• Poor working conditions

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CAUSES OF BRAIN DRAIN

• PULL FACTORS
• Higher paying jobs
  
• Better Quality of life
• Prestige of foreign training
• Modernised educational system
• Superior training
• Intellectual freedom

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Effects of Brain Drain

• ON THE HOME COUNTRY
• Loss of potential entrepreneurs
• A shortage of quality skilled workers
• Loss of confidence in the economy
• Loss of innovative ideas
• Loss of countrys investment in education
• Loss of critical health and educational services