With Carrots and Sticks:

1
With Carrots and Sticks

• An Overview of Authoritarian Rule in the Middle
  East

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• Prevalence of authoritarian states
• Longevity of authoritarian states and their rulers

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A map of freedom in the world 2004, from Freedom
Houses annual report. Dark blue not free yel
low partially free green equals free.
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Muammar Qaddafi of Libya, 1969-2005
President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, 1981-2005
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King Hussein of Jordan, 1953-1999
Young King Hussein greeting soldiers
King Hussein with son (later king) Abdullah
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Saddam Hussein of Iraq, ruling from 1968-2003
Mohammad Reza Shah of Iran (and son), 1941-1979
President Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia, 1957-1987
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Different types of regimes

• Single-party autocracies
• Egypt, Tunisia, Iraq (until 2003), Syria,
  Algeria
  
• Monarchies and dynasties
• Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Morocco, Kuwait, UAE
• Democracies and semi-democracies
• Yemen, Lebanon, Turkey, Pal. Authority, Israel
• Islamic theocracy (Iran)

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How Authoritarian Rulers Maintain Power A Short
List

• 1- Make Socio-political Alliances
• 2- Take good care of your citizenry
• 3- When necessary, wage war with an external or
  imagined enemy
  
• 4- Co-opt potential opposition
• 5-Invent tradition and Use Spectacle
• 6-Spread Fear and Suppress Dissent