Nuclear Chemistry: The solution or the problem

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Nuclear ChemistryThe solution or the problem?
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President Bush, second from right, visited the
Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Plant last year with
Constellation Energy officials. By MATTHEW
L. WALDPublished August 22, 2006
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John Diesch, manager of the Rentech plant in East
Dubuque, Ill., sees profit in using cheap coal to
produce expensive truck fuel. By MATTHEW L.
WALDPublished July 5, 2006
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Is Nuclear Power a good idea?
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Smog Eastern China
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Smog Hanzou, China
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Smog Los Angeles
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Smog New York City
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Smog Hartford, CT
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Do you have asthma?
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Can nuclear power help?
Is it true?
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Connecticut Yankee
Nuclear power plants in the Northeast
Nuclear power in Connecticut
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Is nuclear power safe?
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Chernobyl 1986
400 million exposed in 13 countries
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8,000 deaths over 14 years
3.5 million sick
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Three Mile Island 1979
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Cancer rate increase
Mutations to plants and animals
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Mutations, cancer
Or not?
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Whats in store?
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World Market for Nuclear Energy,Alain Bugat,
CEA Chairman,Conference on Nuclear Energy and
Science for the 21st Century,

• The Watergate Hotel, Washington D.C.,
• October 22, 2003

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Fig 1 Nuclear Reactors in the World
Source AIEA
By the end of 2002 30 countries441 reactors
359 GWe
16 of electricity production 7 of primary energy
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Fig. 6 Fossil fuels jeopardizing the resources
World estimated reserves Oil 45 Years Gas 65
Years Coal 200-300 Years
Oil Proved reserves (end 1998, in thousand
million barrels)
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Fig. 8 Generation IV nuclear energy systems
Development of nuclear energy systems

• Deployable by 2030
• With significant advances in
• Sustainability
• Safety and reliability
• Proliferation and physical protection
• Economics
• Competitive in various markets
• Designed for different applications
• Electricity, Hydrogen, Clean water, Heat

EURATOM
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Fig. 10 World Market for nuclear energy
JAPON Increase from 46 to 100 GWe nucl. power
by 2030
FINLAND Towards a fifth reactor
USA 400 GWe by 2020 (including nuclear energy)
CHINA 20 GWe every year (including nuclear
energy)
SOUTH KOREA to double the installed nuclear
capacity
Coal
Ren. E
Gas
Oil
Hydro
Nuclear
France Plants Renewal
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Nuclear energy and the military
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Hiroshima, October 1945
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Nagasaki Mushroom Cloud
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Little Boy and Fat ManHiroshima and Nagasaki
Bombs13 and 20 Kilotons
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Ivy Mike (1952) 11 Megatons
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Goodbye Elugelab Island
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Other nuclear technology close to home
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Electric Boat, Groton CT
GROTON, Conn, July 2004. Nuclear submarines,
like Virginia, provide a unique contribution to
our nations security and will be increasingly
important in the decades ahead, said Electric
Boat President John Casey, about Virginia
(SSN-774), the nations newest and most advanced
nuclear-powered attack submarine, which returned
today from the successful completion of its first
voyage in open water
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Natural sources
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Radon Potential Map of Connecticut
Source http//www.dph.state.ct.us/BRS/radon/radon
_map.htm
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Other considerations
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Gas Prices dont go down
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Nuclear technology you may not be aware of
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Nuclear battery
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Lets review the basics today.
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Nuclear Radiation
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Subatomic Particles

• Protons- plus charge
• In the nucleus
• Neutrons- neutral
• Electrons - negative charge
• Outside the nucleus

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Atoms and stability the 1.5/1 ratio
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Radiation

• Emission from the nucleus
• Unstable nucleus emits a particle or energy ?
  alpha
• ? beta
• ? gamma

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Alpha Particle

• Same as a helium nucleus
• He2
• 4
• 2He or ?
• Two protons
• Two neutrons

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Beta Particle ?

• An electron emitted from the nucleus
• 0
• e or ?
• ?1
• A neutron in the nucleus breaks down
• 1 1 0
• n p e
• 0 1
  -1

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Gamma ? Radiation

• Pure radiation
• Like an X-ray but comes from the nucleus

0g
0
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Radiation Protection
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Radiation Protection
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Our Geiger Counter
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Po-210

• T1/2 138 days
• If it is a a emitter, what does it form?
• 210Po ? 206Pb 4He

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Balancing Nuclear Equations

• In the reactants and products
• Atomic numbers must balance
• and
• Mass numbers must balance

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Alpha decay
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Beta decay

• 234Th 234Pa 0e
• 90 91 ?1
• beta particle

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Gamma radiation

• No change in atomic or mass number
• 11B 11B 0 ?
• 5 5
  0
• boron atom in a
• high-energy state

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Learning Check NR1

• Write the nuclear equation for the beta emitter
  Co-60.

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Solution NR1

• Write the nuclear equation for the
• Beta emitter Co-60.
• 60Co 60Ni 0 e
• 27 28
  -1

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Monday Go Nukes vs. No Nukes

• No Nukes score_____

• Go Nukes score____

counterpoint
point
counterpoint
Point
-1 point each
1. (1 point each)
-1 point each
1. (1 point each)
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
1 point each
Additional points
1 point each
Additional points
1 point each
New speakers
1 point each
New speakers
-1 point each
Interrupt/over time/complain
-1 point each
Interrupt/over time/complain
Up to 5 points
Final statement
Up to 5 points
Final statement
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Schedule

• Today nuclear chemistry/teach a topic prep.
• Friday, June 2 complete teach a topic/outdoor
  rocket launch
• Monday June 3 nuke debate/begin presentations
• Tuesday, June 4 review nukes/presentations
• Wed June 5 nukes exam/presentations
• Thurs, D-day 1 day of organic chemistry
• Friday, Monday, Tuesday (6/11) finals review

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Review a, b, and g radiation
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Example

• A patient is given radioactive iodine ( a b
  emitter) to test thyroid function. What happens
  to the iodine?
• Is this dangerous?
• Is the equation balanced?

131 53
131 54
I Xe ?
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Answer
131 131 0
53 54 -1
Looks good
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Name that element

• What element is formed when Pt undergoes b
  emission
• Gold
• What element is formed when Pd undergoes a decay?
• Ruthenium
• What element is formed when Pt undergoes g ray
  emission?
• None- still Pt
• What element would be needed to make gold by b
  decay?
• pt

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Producing Radioactive Isotopes

• Bombardment of atoms produces various
  radioisotopes

___ n ? He
4
1
Mn
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2
0
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What other element is produced?
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Learning Check NR2

• What radioactive isotope is produced in the
  following bombardment of boron?
• 10B 4He ? 1n
• 5 2
  0

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Solution NR2

• What radioactive isotope is produced in the
  following bombardment of boron?
• 10B 4He 13N 1n
• 5 2 7
  0
• nitrogen
• radioisotope

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Half-Life of a Radioisotope

• The time for the radiation level to fall (decay)
  to one-half its initial value
• decay curve
• 8 mg 4 mg 2 mg 1 mg

initial
1 half-life
2
3
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Examples of Half-Life

• Isotope Half life
• C-15 2.4 sec
• Ra-224 3.6 days
• Ra-223 12 days
• I-125 60 days
• C-14 5700 years
• U-235 710 000 000 years

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Learning Check NR3

• The half life of I-123 is 13 hr. How much of a
  64 mg sample of I-123 is left after 26 hours?

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Solution NR3

• t1/2 13 hrs
• 26 hours 2 x t1/2
• Amount initial 64mg
• Amount remaining 64 mg x ½ x ½
• 16 mg
• Or 2 half lives 64?32?16

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Nuclear Fission

• large nuclei break up
• 235U 1n 139Ba 94Kr 3 1n
• 92 0 56
  36 0

Energy
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Fission
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Nuclear Fusion

• small nuclei combine
• 2H 3H 4He 1n
• 1 1
  2 0
• Occurs in the sun and other stars

Energy
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Learning Check NR4

• Indicate if each of the following are
• Fission (2) fusion
• Nucleus splits
• Large amounts of energy released
• Small nuclei form larger nuclei
• Hydrogen nuclei react

Energy
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Solution NR4

• Indicate if each of the following are
• Fission (2) fusion
• 1 Nucleus splits
• 1 2 Large amounts of energy released
• 2 Small nuclei form larger nuclei
• 2 Hydrogen nuclei react

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Try some
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Matter can neither be created nor destroyed.
Right?

• Wrong
• E mc2

Energy (joules)
Mass (kg)
Speed2
(3 x 108 m/s)2
9 x 1016 m2/s2
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You try some ?

• Lab

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5/6Each Lab Group Choose a topic

• 1. Matter and measurement kelsey and christen
• 2. The atom blake shelby
• 3. Periodic Table sarah
• 4. Ionic and covalent compounds
• 5. Chemical reactions jay and steve
• 6. The mole billy and sammie

• 7. Stoichiometry
• 8. Gases chris and kevin
• 9. Solutions
• 10. Energy. Matt and sam
• 11. Reaction rates melysha brianna
• 12. Equilibrium jillian and jenn

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7/8Each Lab Group Choose a topic

• 1. Matter and measurement zak and cory
• 2. The atom lauren, michelle ali a
• 3. Periodic Table kevin and ali
• 4. Ionic and covalent compounds erin and megan
• 5. Chemical reactions emily and siobhan
• 6. The mole erin and megan

• 7. Stoichiometry ethan
• 8. Gases catherine and amber
• 9. Solutions carly and brigette
• 10. Energy.ali and mary kate
• 11. Reaction rates kyle greg cassie
• 12. Equilibrium

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• Nuclear Debate Quiz
• 1. What percentage of the worlds electricity
  comes from nuclear power?
• 17
• 2. How many operational nuclear power plants
  currently exist?
• 441
• 3. Which country has the most nuclear power
  plants?
• USA
• 4. Which country relies the most on nuclear
  power?
• France (75)
• 5. Which country is planning on phasing out
  nuclear power by 2030?
• Germany
• 6. True or false?
• Nuclear power has no impact on global warming.
• Mostly true (except for mining, enriching...)

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• There is a plan to store all nuclear US waste at
  a single location
• Yes- since 1987
• There is nuclear waste within 20 miles of
  Glastonbury
• True (Haddam)
• About half of the electricity in Connecticut
  comes from nuclear power
• True
• Connecticut has only one operational nuclear
  power plant
• True- Millstone
• Nuclear reactors are explosive
• False
• Nuclear power is a renewable energy source
• False.

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• With breeder reactors the supply of nuclear fuel
  could last thousands of years
• Controversial, but probably true
• Yucca mountain has been designated as the US
  nuclear waste repository since 1987
• true
• Nuclear fuel is flammable
• False
• Todays nuclear reactors rely on fission
• True
• Nuclear fusion reactors have never been made
• False- fusion bombs and tokamaksbut nothing
  sustainable

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Debate- JobsThe debate is worth 10 points based
on participation and fair play

• 2 Listers
• 2 scorers
• 1 timer
• Each team
• Several debaters
• Several information gatherers
• 1 captain

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Monday Go Nukes vs. No Nukes

• No Nukes score_____

• Go Nukes score____

Point for nukes
Point for no nukes
1. (1 point each)
1. (1 point each)
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
1 point each
Additional points
1 point each
Additional points
1 point each
New speakers
1 point each
New speakers
-1 point each
Interrupt/over time/complain
-1 point each
Interrupt/over time/complain
Up to 5 points
Final statement
Up to 5 points
Final statement
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Let the debate begin
90
1
minute
91
50
seconds
92
40
seconds
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30
seconds
94
20
seconds
95
10
seconds
96
9
seconds
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8
seconds
98
7
seconds
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6
seconds
100
5
seconds
101
4
seconds
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3
seconds
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2
seconds
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1
seconds
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Time is up.
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Review

• 1. Redox
• 2. Nuclear Chemistry