Figure 131 Page 251

1
Figure 13-1Page 251
ETHIOPIA
SUDAN
AFRICA
KENYA
LAKE VICTORIA
BURUNDI
ZAIRE
TANZANIA
2
Figure 13-2Page 253
Cobia
Hogfish
Kelp
Pacific sailfish
Carrageen
Moray
Yellow jack
Red snapper
Red algae
Batfish
Bladder kelp
Striped drum
Angelfish
Chinook salmon
Sea lettuce
Orange roughy
Devilfish
Porcupine fish
Great barracuda
Laminaria
Sockeye salmon
Grouper
Chilean sea bass
Dulse
3
Figure 13-3Page 254
Brook trout
White waterlily
Bluegill
White bass
Bulrush
Muskellunge
Rainbow trout
Rainbow darter
Water lettuce
Bowfish
Water hyacinth
Bladderwort
Largemouth black bass
Black crappie
White sturgeon 
Yellow perch
Velvet cichlid
American smelt
Walleyed pike
Eelgrass
Longnose gar
Duckweed
Common piranha
Carp
Egyptian white lotus
Channel catfish
African lungfish
4
Figure 13-4aPage 255
Global freshwater
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
Mean trophic level
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
5
Figure 13-4bPage 255
Global marine
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
Mean trophic level
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
6
Figure 13-5Page 256
Present
Not present
No data
7
Figure 13-6Page 258
Bowhead whale
Bowhead whale
Bowhead whale
Humpback whale
Northern right whale
Bowhead whale
Saimaa seal
Northern right whale
Fin whale
Hawksbill turtle
Mediterranean monk seal
Japanese sea lion
Kemp's ridley turtle
Humpback whale
Hawksbill turtle
Fin whale
Hawksbill turtle
Olive ridley turtle
Olive ridley turtle
Leatherback turtle
Olive ridley turtle
Hawaiian monk seal
Green turtle
Green turtle
Leatherback turtle
Leatherback turtle
Leatherback turtle
Humpback whale
Green turtle
Hawksbill turtle
Green turtle
Humpback whale
Hawksbill turtle
Hawksbill turtle
Humpback whale
Leatherback turtle
Fin whale
Fin whale
Whale
Turtle
Seal
Sea lion
8
Figure 13-7Page 258
Olive ridley 76 centimeters
Australian flatback 99 centimeters
Loggerhead 119 centimeters
Hawksbill 89 centimeters
Black turtle 99 centimeters
Green turtle 124 centimeters
Leatherback 188 centimeters
Kemp's ridley 76 centimeters
9
Figure 13-8aPage 260
Atlantic white-sided dolphin
Common dolphin
Harbor porpoise
Killer whale
Bottlenose dolphin
Beluga whale
False killer whale
Pilot whale
Cuvier's beaked whale
Narwhal
Pygmy sperm whale
Sperm whale
Baird's beaked whale
Squid
Odontocetes (Toothed Whales)
10
Figure 13-8bPage 261
Humpback whale
Bowhead whale
Minke whale
Right whale
Blue whale
Fin whale
Feeding on krill
Sei whale
Gray whale
Mysticetes (Baleen Whales)
11
Solutions
Managing Fisheries
Fishery Regulations Set catch limits well below
the maximum sustainable yield Improve
monitoring and enforcement of regulations Economi
c Approaches Sharply reduce or eliminate fishing
subsidies Charge fees for harvesting fish and
shellfish from publicly owned offshore
waters Certify sustainable fisheries Protected
areas Establish no-fishing areas Establish more
marine protected areas Rely more on integrated
coastal management Consumer Information Label
sustainably harvested fish Publicize overfished
and threatened species
Bycatch Use wide-meshed nets to allow escape of
smaller fish Use net escape devices for
seabirds and sea turtles Ban throwing edible
and marketable fish back into the
sea Aquaculture Restrict coastal locations for
fish farms Control pollution more
strictly Depend more on herbivorous fish
species Nonnative Invasions Kill organisms in
ship ballast water Filter organisms from ship
ballast water Dump ballast water far at sea and
replace with Deep-sea water
Figure 13-9Page 263
12
Solutions
Protecting Wetlands
Legally protect existing wetlands Steer
development away from existing wetlands Use
mitigation banking only as a last resort Require
creation and evaluation of a new wetland before
destroying an existing wetland Restore degraded
wetlands Try to prevent and control invasions by
nonnative species
Figure 13-10Page 265
13
Figure 13-11Page 267
Channelized
Unchannelized
FLORIDA
Lake Okeechobee
West Palm Beach
Fort Myers
GULF OF MEXICO
Naples
Fort Lauderdale
Agricultural area
Treatment marsh
Water conservation area
Miami
Canal
Everglades National Park
ATLANTIC OCEAN
FLORIDA
Key Largo
Florida Bay
Area of detail
14
Natural Capital
Ecological Services of Rivers

• Deliver nutrients to sea to help sustain coastal
  fisheries
• Deposit silt that maintains details
• Purify water
• Renew and renourish wetlands
• Provide habitats for wildlife

Figure 13-12Page 268
15
Figure 13-13Page 268
16
Figure 13-14Page 269
17
Solutions
Rebuilding Salmon Populations
Building upstream hatcheries Releasing juvenile
salmon from hatcheries to underpopulated
streams Releasing extra water from dams to wash
juvenile salmon downstream Building fish ladders
so adult salmon can bypass dams during upstream
migration Using trucks and barges to transport
salmon around dams Reducing silt runoff from
logging roads above salmon spawning
streams Banning dams from some stream areas
Figure 13-15Page 271