Noncommunicable Diseases Chapter 26

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Noncommunicable DiseasesChapter 26
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Cardiovascular DiseasesLesson 1

• I. What are Noncommunicable Diseases
• A century ago, people died from
  communicable disease
• Today, however we have made major
  advances to prevent those
• types of diseases
• People are now dying of different causes
  called noncommunicable
• diseases
• Noncommunicable disease a disease that
  is not transmitted by
• another person, a vector, or the
  environment
• 9 types cardiovascular disease,
  cancer, diabetes, arthritis
• 9 these disease are caused by habits
  and behaviors

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II. Types of NonCommunicable Diseases of the
Heart

• A.) Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is a
  disease that affects the heart and the
  blood vessels
• - these diseases interfere with
  the pumping action of the heart or
  the movement of blood throughout
  the vessels
• - approximately 61 million
  Americans have some form of CVD
• - it is the leading cause of
  death among adult Americans

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B.) Types of Cardiovascular Disease
1.) Hypertension high blood pressure
pressure that is continually
above the normal range 9
major risk factors in other CVDs
9 more common in people over the age of 35
9 23 of Americans ages
20-74 have hypertension 9
known as the silent killer because it often has
no warning signs in
the early stages 9 high
blood pressure can be lowered with exercise,
weight management, proper
nutrition, and medications 2.)
Atherosclerosis process in which plaques
accumulate on artery walls
9 plaque fatty substances
in the blood 9 arteries
thicken and lose elasticity
9 buildup is due to foods high in saturated fat
and cholesterol
9 a blood clot may form from the
plaque build up
causing a heart attack or stroke
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3.) Diseases of the Heart
when the blood supply to the heart is
insufficient to provide
enough oxygen, the result can be pain, damage to
the heart muscle, or even
sudden death a.) Angina
Pectoris chest pain that results when the
heart does not get
enough oxygen 9
lasts a few seconds to a few minutes
9 warning sign that the heart is
not get enough oxygen
9 most common cause is atherosclerosis
b.) Arrhythmias irregular
heartbeat 9 most
common cause of sudden arrhythmias is a heart
attack
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c.) Heart Attack damage to
the heart muscle caused by
reduced or blocked blood supply
9 there are more than 1 million
cases of heart attack
each year in the US and more than 40 of
those affected
die 9 most heart
attacks start slowly with mild chest
discomfort but some may be
sudden 9 early
detection and immedicate response to warning
signs can often mean
the difference between life
and death d.) Congestive
Heart Failure when the heart is too
weak to maintain its regular pumping rate and
force ? condition can be a result of high
blood pressure,
atherosclerosis, a heart valve defect
? managing this condition includes
medications, good
nutrition, and exercise
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5.) Stroke occurs when an blocked
artery disrupts blood flow to the
brain ? affect different parts
of the body depending on part of
brain that is deprived ?
can also be caused then a blood vessel in the
brain bursts (cerebral
hemorrhage) III. Diagnostic Tools for CVDs
1.) Electrocardiogram (EKG) 2.) MRI
3.) Radionuclide Imaging 4.)
Angiography IV. Treatment Options for CVDs
1.) Coronary Bypass 2.) Angioplasty
3.) Medications 4.) Pacemaker    
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V. Why Teens are at Risk behaviors
established during your teen years and early
adult life determine your risk of
developing CVD CVD starts to develop in
childhood your behaviors now are
affecting your cardiovascular system   VI. Risk
Factors for CVD A.) Risk Factors that
Can be Controlled 1.) Tobacco Use
2.) High Blood Pressure 3.) High
Cholesterol 4.) Physical Inactivity
5.) Excess Weight 6.) Stress 7.) Drug
and Alcohol Use
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B.) Risk Factors that Cannot be
Controlled 1.) Heredity 2.)
Gender men have a greater risk
of developing CVD, but
older women are less likely to survive a
heart attack 3.) Age  
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CancerLesson 2

• I. What is Cancer?
• cancer uncontrollable growth of
  abnormal cells
• the bodys cells are constantly growing
  and dividing with most new
• cells being normal
• occasionally abnormal cells are formed
  and they begin to
• reproduce rapidly and spread
• II. How Cancer Harms the Body
• abnormal cells kill the normal cells
  because there is a competition
• for nutrients
• tumors put pressure on surrounding
  tissues and organs and interfere
• with normal body functions

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A.) tumor an abnormal mass of tissue
that has no natural role in the
body B.) Two types of Tumors
1.) benign noncancerous grows slowly and are
surrounded by membranes that
keep it from spreading 2.)
malignant cancerous spread to other tissues
and through the blood or
lymph to other parts of the body
? metastasis the spread of cancer from
the point of where
it originated to other parts of the body
? as the cells spread, new tumors
form III. Types of Cancers cancer can
develop in almost any part of the body
A.) Cancers grouped by Body Organ
1.) Skin most common cancer in the US
2.) Breast 2nd leading cause of cancer
death in women 3.) Prostate found in men
over 55 4.) Lung leading cause of cancer
death in the US 5.)
Colon/Rectum 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths
in US 6.) Mouth 7.) Cervix 8.)
Testicular most common cancer in men age 15-34
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B.) Cancer grouped by Tissues
Affected 1.) Lymphomas cancers of the
immune system 2.) Leukemias cancers of
the blood-forming organs 3.) Carcinomas
cancer of the glands and body linings 4.)
Sarcomas cancer of the connective tissue
including
bones, ligaments, and muscles IV. Risk
Factors for Cancer 5-10 of cancers
are hereditary majority of cancers are
caused by carcinogens (cancer-causing
substance) 60 of all cancers can
be prevented through healthy lifestyle
choices A.) Tobacco Use the major
leading cause of cancer death in the
US and the most preventable
- nearly 1 in every 5 deaths is attributed to
smoking or exposure to
secondhand smoke - 87 of lung
cancer deaths are caused by smoking
- smoking increases the risk of bladder,
pancreas, and kidney
cancers - smokeless tobacco use is a major
factor in the development of
oral cancer  
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B.) Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- HPV can cause cervical cancer
- Hepatitis B can cause liver cancer
C.) Dietary Factors - 30 of
all cancer deaths are caused by this factor
- diets high in fat and low in fiber
are often linked to cancer -
choosing a diet low in fats and high in fiber
reduces the risk of colon,
breast, and prostate cancer D.)
Radiation - ultraviolet
radiation is the main cause of skin cancer
- 80 of skin cancers can be
prevented  
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V. Reducing Your Risk 1.) practice
abstinence 2.) be physically active
3.) maintain a healthy weight 4.)
eat nutritious foods 5.) follow an
eating plan that is low in fat and high in fiber
6.) protect your skin from ultraviolet
radiation 7.) avoid alcohol and
tobacco 8.) recognize the warning signs
of cancer
 VI. Detecting Cancer early detection
and treatment is key survival rate
for cancer depends on the type of cancer and how
early it is detected
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A.) Early Detection -
self-exams can be performed to detect breast,
testicular, and skin cancers
- cancer screening is examining or
testing for the early signs
of cancer - if cancer is possible
a biopsy is performed ?
biopsy the removal of a small piece of tissue
for examination
- X-rays and MRIs can help determine
tumor locations
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B.) Seven Warning Signs of Cancer
Change in bowel habits A
sore that does not heal Unusual
discharge (from uterus, bladder, bowels, nipple,
coughing)
Thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty
swallowing Obvious change in a
wart or mole Nagging cough or
hoarseness other symptoms
such as fatigue and unexplained
weight loss  
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VII. Treating Cancer treatments for
cancer depend on the type of cancer, whether the
tumor can spread, patients age, and
health A.) Treatments
1.) Surgery removes some or all of the cancer
masses 2.) Radiation therapy
aims rays of radioactive substances
at the cancerous cells kills cells
and shrinks the mass 3.)
Chemotherapy chemicals used to destroy cancer
cells 4.) Immunotherapy
activates a persons immune system
to recognize specific cancers and
destroy them 5.) Hormone
Therapy involves using medicines that
interfere with the production of
hormones kill cancer
cells or slow the growth B.) Remission
remission a period of time
when symptoms disappear
cancer that is in remission is not always cured
and it can appear again  
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Allergies, Asthma, Diabetes, and
ArthritisChapter 26, Lesson 3
I. Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases
Allergies, asthma, diabetes, and arthritis are
chronic noncommunicable diseases
? meaning that they are present all the time
or recur frequently over a long
period of time These disease affect
millions of people They can be a result of
a response of the immune system or
breaking down of cells and tissues  
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II. Allergies A.) What are Allergies?
allergy a specific reaction of the
immune system to a foreign and
frequently harmless substance
common cause of illness and disability, affecting
40-50 million people
B.) Common Allergens allergen
a substance that causes allergies
pollen, food, dust, mold spores, chemicals,
insect venom, pet dander, and
medicines   C.) What happens?
1.) Nasal allergies a.)
body treats that allergens as a foreign invader
b.) antigens on the surface of
these allergens attach to
special immune cells in the lining of the
nasal passage c.) these
special cells release histamines  
? histamines chemicals that can
stimulate mucus
and fluid production in the area  
d.) the histamines produce the sneezing, runny
nose, itchy eyes,
and other symptoms
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2.) Other reactions
a.) some people will break out in
hives itchy raise
bumps on the skin b.)
some people will experience life-threatening
reactions such as
swelling of the stung area,
difficulty breathing or swallowing,
swelling of the
tongue, sharp drop in blood pressure
? medical attention is
needed immediately D.) Diagnosing
Allergies you can sometimes
diagnose allergies yourself 3
Tests that can be performed
1.) blood test 2.) food
elimination diet 3.) skin
test - skin is
scratched and small amounts of allergens are
applied to the skin
- if a person is
allergic to any of the substances there
is an inflammatory
response (skin in the area of
the scratch swells and turns red)  
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E.) Treating Allergies 1.)
Avoiding what causes the reaction best treatment
for food and insect
allergies 2.) medications, such as
antihistamines help to control
symptoms 3.) immunotherapy
series of shots that contain the allergen in
small amounts so the immune
system gets use to the
allergen ? used often
with people who have severe allergies III.
Asthma A.) What is asthma?
asthma an inflammatory condition in which
the small airways in the
lungs become narrowed, causing difficulty
breathing 17
million people in the US have asthma and more
than 5,000 people dies of
the disease each year  
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B.) What happens? 1.)
bronchial tubes of people with asthma are
sensitive to substances
called triggers ?
examples of triggers pollution, pet dander,
tobacco smoke,
mold, pollen, dust mites 2.) the
asthma trigger causes the muscles of the
bronchial walls to
tighten and produce extra mucus
3.) respiratory passages narrows
4.) result from the narrowing can be minor
wheezing to severe
difficulty breathing, which can become
life-threatening C.) Managing
Asthma There is no cure
most people can live normal lives by
changing their behavior and
the proper use of medication  
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Proper Management Steps
1.) Monitor condition recognize
warning signs and treat
the symptoms quickly 2.)
Manage the environment reduce the triggers
3.) Manage stress relax and use
stress management
techniques 4.) Take medication use the
medicine that is prescribed
to you IV. Diabetes A.) What is
diabetes? diabetes a chronic
disease that affects the way body cells
convert food into energy
1 million new cases are reported each year
there is no cure B.) What
happens in the body the
pancreas produces too little or too much insulin
which is a hormone that helps
glucose enter the bodys cells
if glucoseis not converted into energy it builds
up into the blood  
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C.) Diagnosing Diabetes
a blood test is performed to determine if a
person has diabetes
Symptoms of diabetes
1.) frequent urination 2.)
excessive thirst 3.) unexplained weight
loss 4.) extreme hunger 5.)
sudden vision changes 6.) tingling in
hands and feet 7.) frequent fatigue
8.) very dry skin 9.) sores that are
slow to heal 10.) more infections than
usual
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D.) Two Types of Diabetes
1.) Type 1 the body does not produce insulin
appears suddenly and
progresses quickly
makes up 5-10 of all diabetes
the cause is not clear but some think that
it is caused by an
environmental trigger a
person with Type 1 diabetes must take daily doses
of insulin 2.) Type 2 the body
is unable to produce enough insulin or to use
insulin properly
often appears after the age of 40
often called adult-onset
diabetes a diet high
in fat, calories, and cholesterol increases the
risk of diabetes
treatment for Type 1
diabetes includes weight management,
physical activity, and proper
diet - medications
are sometimes needed E.) Possible Risks
early detection is key to prevent
long-term side effects diabetes
is the main cause of kidney failure, limb
amputations, and blindness
it is also a major cause of heart disease
and stroke    
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V. Arthritis A.) What is Arthritis
arthritis a group of more than 100
different disease that cause
pain and loss of movement in the joints
one of the most common medical problems in
the world and the number one
cause of disability B.) Types of
Arthritis 1.) Osteoarthritis a
disease of the joints in which cartilage
breaks down -
affects mainly the weight-bearing joints of the
knees, hips
- also effects the fingers, lower
back, and feet - most
common in women and people over the age of 45  
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A.) Signs of Osteoarthritis
1.) aching and
soreness of the joint
2.) stiffness of the joint
3.) bony enlargement or swelling
of the joint B.) Managing
Osteoarthritis
1.) exercise 2.)
pain relievers
3.) heat C.) Reducing
the Risk Osteoarthritis
1.) controlling weight
2.) preventing sports injuries
3.) protecting against
Lyme disease 2.) Rheumatoid
Arthritis disease characterized by the
debilitating destruction of the
joints due to inflammation
- more common in women -
usually appears between the ages of 20-50
- mainly affects the joints of the
hands, feet, elbows,
shoulders, neck, knees, hips, and ankles
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A.) Sign of Rheumatoid
Arthritis 1.)
joint pain 2.)
inflammation 3.)
swelling 4.)
stiffness 5.)
joints may become deformed and no longer
function
6.) fever 7.)
fatigue 8.) swollen lymph glands B.)
Managing Rheumatoid Arthritis
- early diagnosis is crucial
1.) medications
2.) exercise 3.)
rest 4.) joint
protection 5.)
physical and occupational therapy