The Consolidation of Latin America 1830 1920

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The Consolidation of Latin America1830 - 1920

• Chapter 25

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PHOTO ESSAYNew Nations, Old Problemspgs 594,
598, 605, 608-609, 611-612

• Although Latin American nations were newly
  independent, this freedom did not solve older
  problems associated with colonialism. How is each
  problem depicted in the above photos?
• race
• Western heritage
• Indian heritage
• African heritage
• military violence
• economics
• social stratification

3
Switch from colony to nation
causes of political change
American Revolution French Revolution slave
rebellion on St. Dominigue (Haiti) political
situation in Spain Portugal
4
Spanish-American independence struggles
Mexico creoles
1810 Mexico a republic
Central America divided into nations
Gran Colombia
Simon Bolivar Venezuela, Colombia Ecuador
Jose de San Martin Rio de la Plata, Paraguay
1825 all Spanish South America independent
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Brazil
slave population tempers thought of independence
Portuguese royal family flees to Brazil - 1807
Rio de Janeiro is capital of Portuguese empire
declares independence in 1822 - maintains slavery
Problems
role of Catholic church equality? slavery
abolished in former Spanish colonies voting
limited Indians mestizo still lower class
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political unity didnt work
size transportation problems
Caudillos intervene in national politics
disregard laws
centralists strong governments - broad powers
liberals individual rights - oppose corporate
structure - favor federalist government - limit
civil role of church
conservatives centralized state - corporate
groups in charge - strong church involvement
7
landowners urban middle class involved in
politics most others not
political instability
Economics
British support independence - want free
trade - dominant economic force
dependency on foreign markets
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Mid-century stagnation
mining suffered from wars transportation ports
underdeveloped lack of investment capital
post 1850 European demand for local products
Liberals want reforms
society not ready
church, landowners, army retain power
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Liberals gain power end of 19th c.
based on positivism
caused by changes in industrialization
imperialism
economies expand population doubles
capitalist expansion - hurts peasantry
government landowners expropriate land -
tenancy, peonage, servitude
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Mexico
1824 constitution basic civil rights
still inequitable distribution of land -
status of Indians - education - mass poverty
Santa Anna caudillo - swept out liberals
U.S. defeats in war - lose land - distrust of US
internal problems contribute to defeat
liberal revolt new constitution 1850s -
military church curtailed
French intervene withdraw
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Argentina
commercial Buenos Aires pampas
United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata
federalists 1830s - weak central government -
favors merchants ranchers
liberals overthrow in 1850s - confusion
late 1800s political economic
reforms stability brings foreign investment -
prosperity - population triples -
infrastructure development
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Brazil
monarchy early 1800s
disputes between liberals conservatives -
for against monarchy
coffee as export crop
post 1850 - economic prosperity - foreign
investment - infrastructure - growth or urban
middle class
intensification of slavery til 1850
slavery abolished 1888
Republican party replaces monarchy 1880s
13
social changes slow
independence brings direct influence from Europe
romanticism, realism, positivism
women gain little ground
legally end society of castes - little changes
for Indians, former slaves
control by white, Creole elite
agrarian rigid social structures dependent on
world market
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Great Boom 1880-1920
industrializing Europe stimulates L.A. economic
growth
liberal ideology helps
urban middle class over working class
exports fuel expansion - foreign investors -
places key industries under foreign control -
influence government
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Mexico Argentina economic transformation
Mexico Porfirio Diaz - strong central
government - utilize foreign investment for
infrastructure industrialization -
opposition suppressed - subvert liberal
democratic principles - preserve power
continue modernization
1910 reform movement caused 10 year civil war
Argentina expansion stability -
immigrants - technology help exports
1910 unrest - Socialist party - strikes 1916
middle class Radical Party
traditional aristocracies ally with middle class
face labor rural unrest rebellion
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U.S. interest grows after Civil War
Spanish American War 1898 - direct involvement
Cuba Puerto Rico
Panama Canal
Monroe Doctrine
U.S. expansionist?
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What are the causes of political change in Latin
America?

• part of general Atlantic revolutions
• American Revolution model how colonies can
  break from motherland
• French Revolution liberty, equality
  fraternity
• didnt like radicalism
• Slave Rebellion St. Dominigue
• symbol of freedom hope for slaves, white Latin
  America wants to avoid
• Political situation in Spain Portugal
• who rules in L.A.?
• Mask of Ferdinand

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Contrast the Brazilian move to independence with
other Latin American independence movements.

• Latin America
• Mask of Ferdinand
• supposedly ruling for Spanish King (not really)
• wars Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin
• 15 years for all to become independent
• slavery gone
• 1825 all independent

• Brazilian
• Portuguese royal family moves to Brazil
• Rio de Janeiro becomes capital of Portuguese
  Empire
• Kings son declares himself monarch
• declares independence still a monarchy
• slavery stays
• republic by 1830

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What was the centrist vs. the federalist
controversy?

• Centrist
• strong central government
• broad powers
• Caudillos dominate
• corporate groups in charge
• strong church involvement

• Federalist
• tax commercial policies set by regional
  governments
• more liberal
• individual rights
• limit civil role of church

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Characterize the liberal politics of the period
from 1850 to 1870.

• based on positivism
• caused by economic expansion
• application of science to industry
• participate in capitalist expansion
• progress, education, free competition
• secular society
• land owners increase holdings peasant lands
  taken away
• immigrants provide labor

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How successful was reform at resolving the
problems of race, class gender?

• not very
• women gain little ground
• did get more education because raising future
  leaders
• secular public education gave rise to needs for
  teachers (women filled positions)
• legally ended society of castas but in reality
  the system continued
• Indians still bottom of social ladder
• landholders mercantile class hold power

22
What was the nature of the economic boom of the
period after 1870?

• export led economic expansion
• bananas, coffee, tobacco, sugar, rubber, copper,
  wool, beef, silver, wheat
• strong demand good prices
• allow importation of foreign goods
• risky rely on foreign demand for products
• attracts interest of foreign investors
• Britain dominates at beginning

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In what ways did the United States enter the
political and economic affairs of Latin America?

• American industry need for raw materials
  markets
• Spanish American War
• help Cuba occupy Cuba, Puerto Rico
  Philippines
• investments in Cuba
• P.R. becomes U.S. dependency
• Panama Canal U.S. backs Panamanian independence
• Monroe Doctrine

24
Discuss the ways in which Latin American states
were successful in shaking off their colonial
past and the problems that remained that were
characteristic of colonial society.

• most nations had republic governments
• liberal constitutions extended the vote
• economies not under European dictation
• slavery ends 1888
• trouble with overcoming society based on races
• Indians still oppressed
• frequent rebellions of peasants Indians
• liberal land reforms didnt help Indians or
  Mestizos

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Compare Contrast the relationship of the Latin
American nations with the West at the end of the
19th c. with the relationship of the West to
true colonies created through imperialism.

• Latin America
• remain independent
• not provide military forces to West
• outside of imperial scramble
• profits of economic expansion not drained off

• True Colony
• in some ways still an economic dependency
• economy based on export of raw materials
• West provides capital for industry
• labor force exploited