War

1
War Society 1914-1920

• Chapter 23

2
Road to War

• Key factors precipitated war in Europe
• Imperialist expansion
• Militarism
• - Russias army
• - France and Germany
• - Britain, Italy, Austria
• Nationalism

3
Europe Divided, pg 587

• Triple Entente France, Great Britain Russia
  (later referred to as Allies)
• Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Germany,
  Austria, Ottoman Empire (later Italy)

4
Outbreak of WWI, 1914

• Serbias struggle for independence
• Problem with Austria Russias impact
• Assassination, Archduke Ferdinand, June 28, 1914
• Black Hand

5
Gavrilo Princip (assassin) of the Black Hand
6
Outbreak of WWI

• Austria threatens Serbia
• Why would Austria turn to Germany before
  attacking Serbia?
• Austrian declares war July 28, 1914
• Russia mobilizes
• Germany reacts by declaring war (8.1.14)

7
Widening of the War

• Schlieffen Plan/ 2-front war
• Aug 3- Germany dec. war on France
• Aug 4- Great Britain dec. war on Germany
• excitement of war (parades)
• What were some of the first timers in WWI?

8
The Great War

• failure of Schlieffen Plan
• - western front stalemate (4 years)
• eastern front
• - Russia defeats Austria
• - Russian advances into Germany

9
Russian failures

• Tannenberg,1914
• Masurian Lakes, 1914
• Russian Revolution
• War turns to Western Front

10
The Great Slaughter

• Trench warfare
• Remarques All quiet on the western front
• elaborate trenches
• Machine-gun nests/ barbed wire
• separated by no mans land
• Battle of Verdun- Feb 1916 (700,000)
• Battle of Somme- July 1916 (21k) (1mil)
• horrors of trench warfare

11
Entry of United States

• most important allied cause
• Neutrality?
• trade throughout the war
• - 3 billion (allies) vs. 376 million (central
  powers)

12
Americas entry 3 factors

• Lusitania (5/7/1915)
• - 1198 people killed (128 US, pg 589)
• Germany submarine warfare (Jan 1917)
• Zimmerman Note - German/Mexican alliance (Jan
  1917)
• Wilsons declaration of war speech

13
Raising an Army

• Selective Service Act of 1917
• - 3 million drafted into military
• - 2 million volunteer
• - 10 African American
• Labor Shortages
• - women doing Mens Work (p594)

14
U.S. entry (continue)

• America enters war (4-6-1917)
• Psychological boost for allies
• 2 million Americans on the western front by 1918

15
Last years of the war

• 2nd Battle of the Marne
• Germany strikes western front (03/1918)
• - rapid success / 10 miles per day
• - US arrives
• - German offensive halted
• - plea for armistice (9-1918)

16
Last years of the war (continue)

• 2nd battle of the Marne
• German General Paul von Hindenburg later
  commented that the American infantry in the
  Argonne (forest) won the war

17
End of War

• Carnage ends (11-11-1918)
• - What is significant about Nov 11?

18
The Push for Peace

• Wilsons Fourteen Points (p 603)
• Creation of a League of Nations
• Wilson becomes international figure

19
Treaty of Versailles

• Attending the Paris peace conference in 1919,
  (from left to right) British prime minister David
  Lloyd-George, Italian prime minister Orlando,
  French premier Clémenceau and US president
  Wilson. The peace treaty following the end of
  World War I was signed between the Allies and
  Germany on 28 June, mandating German disarmament
  and war reparations, and establishing the League
  of Nations.

20
Paris Peace Conference (1/1919)

• Treaty of Versailles
• Signed June 28, 1919
• What did the treaty officially do?
• New countries (p 601)
• German War guilt clause
  

21
Treaty of Versailles (continue)

• War Guilt Clause
• embarrassed Germany
• - 33 billion reparations bill
• - stripped of military (100k men)
• - reduce navy eliminate air force
• embarrassed/ inflation/ debt
• U.S. loans millions to Germany until depression

22
WWI conclusion

• US (post-WWI) worlds strongest economy/ new
  hegemony power
• US fails to enter L.O.N.
• destruction of land cities
• death of 10 million people/ 20 million or more
  wounded
• seeds of WWII planted