The Road to War

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Chapter 19
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The Road to War

• Causes of World War I
• Imperialism
• Militarism
• Nationalism
• Alliances

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The Road to War

• Imperialism
• Search for new colonies in Africa, Asia, and the
  Pacific
• France England had prime colonies throughout
  the world
• Japan was a relative newcomer but gained strength
  by colonizing Korea, Taiwan, parts of China
• Germany was the youngest country, and was trying
  to establish itself as an empire

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The Road to War

• Militarism
• Belief that a countries problems can be solved
  with military action
• Buildup of military forces
• Military has a great deal of control over the
  government and/or industry
• Largely a product of the industrial revolution
  as countries industrialized they began to see
  themselves as invincible

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The Road to War

• Nationalism
• Defined simply as pride in ones country
• Patriotism to the nth degree
• Countries acted solely in their own self-interest
• Pride in country centered around 1 ethnicity
  other groups were inferior

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The Road to War

• Alliances
• European powers that pledged mutual protection
• Took what should have been an isolated incident
  and expanded it into a global conflict

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The Road to War
Balkan Peninsula 1908
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The Road to War
The spark that ignited the powder keg

• Bosnia was a province of the Austrian-Hungarian
  empire
• Archduke Ferdinand visited Sarajevo on June 28,
  1914
• He was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip
• On July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on
  Serbia

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The Road to War

• Serbias ally, Russia, declares war on Austria -
  Hungary
• Russias ally, France, follows suit
• Austria-Hungarys allies, Germany and the Ottoman
  Empire, declare war
• Belgium remains neutral until it is invaded by
  Germany. Then Belgium and its ally, England, join
  with France

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The Road to War

• Central Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary, and
  later the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria
• Allied Powers - Serbia, Russia, France, Belgium,
  England, and later Italy, Romania, Japan and the
  USA

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The Road to War

• Queen Victorias grandchildren included
• King George V of England
• Tsarina Alexandra of Russia
• Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany
• Queens of Spain, Romania, Norway and Greece

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The Great War begins
The Schlieffen Plan
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The Great War

• Germany invaded France via Belgium
• Came within 30 miles of Paris
• Offensive by French British held them back at
  the Marne
• Trench warfare began in September of 1914

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The Great War

• New weapons - machine guns, poison gas,
  airplanes, Big Bertha and submarines made warfare
  deadlier than ever

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The Great War

• Germans reached a stalemate in France
• Russians invaded to their east - became a two
  front war for the Germans
• Germans use submarines to try to cut-off supplies
  and troop movements from the United Kingdom
• British blockaded the North Sea and created
  severe food shortages in Germany

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J
North Sea
Irish Sea
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The Great War

• Offenses
• Verdun German offensive
• Feb. 24, 1916 Dec. 18, 1916
• Germans used poison gas on the French
• No strategic gain for either side
• Casualties
• French -550,000
• German -434,000
• Total casualties almost 1 million, with over ½
  K.I.A.

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The Great War

• Somme offensive by French/British forces
• July 1, 1916 to November 18,1916
• Used tanks in battle (with little effect)
• Offensive ended with Allied Forces gaining a
  total of 18 kilometers
• Casualties
• British - 420,000
• French - 200,000
• Germans - 500,000
• Total over 1 million casualties

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The Great War

• America declares it neutrality and continues to
  trade with both sides
• 1/3 of the American population was made up of 1st
  generation immigrants
• Irish immigrants side with the Central Powers
• Many Americans oppose warfare and militarism on
  principle and want to stay out of the war

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The Great War

• Gradually public opinion shifts toward the Allied
  Powers
• Propaganda plays a major role in this shift
• Business leaders pressured Congress to prepare
  for war to protect their trade and assets in the
  U.K. and France

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Propaganda
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Propaganda
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(No Transcript)
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The United States Declares War

• Gentlemens War ended when the British began
  arming merchant ships
• Early in 1915 Germany advised Americans not to
  travel on British liners
• Lusitania traveled from New York to the U.K. in
  May, 1915 with over 1200 passengers and
  miscellaneous cargo

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The United States Declares War

• German U-boat encountered the Lusitania in the
  Irish Sea
• Fired a torpedo and the Lusitania sank within a
  few minutes
• Over 1200 people, including 128 Americans, died
• German claimed the Lusitania was transporting
  weapons

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The United States Declares War

• Immediate demands were made to declare war on
  Germany
• President Wilson urged patience
• Germans pledged to stop shooting unarmed vessels
• War was averted in 1915
• Wilson vowed in 1916 to stay out of the war

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The United States Declares War

• American industries continued to do business with
  the British
• U-boats were not very effective
• Cut off from Germany by British blockade
• American banks lent France and Britain millions
  of dollars during the war

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The United States Declares War

• Early in 1917 Germans reneged on the their
  pledge and began sinking merchant vessels
• Under pressure from the USA they made the Sussex
  Pledge, again promising not to shoot on unarmed
  vessels
• Within weeks they again reneged on their pledge

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The United States Declares War

• The Russian Revolution began in February, 1917.
• Overthrew the monarchy and soldiers mutinied
• Allied position weakened fighting shifted to
  the Western front
• USA had been reluctant to support Tsar Nicholas
• USA needed to protect their investment in the
  Allied Powers

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The United States Declares War

• The Zimmerman Note was intercepted and made
  public
• Mexico was having their own problems
• April 1916, Pancho Villa had made a raid into New
  Mexico and killed 18 Americans
• General Pershing chased Pancho Villa around
  Mexico for over a year
• American army looked inept

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The United States Declares War

• Note was intercepted by the British and turned
  over to the Americans in March, 1917
• From German Foreign Minister to German Ambassador
  to Mexico
• Proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany
• In return for assistance in WWI, they would help
  Mexico reclaim land in New Mexico

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The United States Declares War

• American bankers and industrialist pressured
  Wilson to declare war
• Reneging of the Sussex Pledge built anti-German
  sentiment
• Russian Revolution put pressure on the Allies
• Zimmerman note is the last straw

On April 2, 1917 President Wilson asked Congress
for a declaration of war against
Germany. Congress quickly complied
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American Joins the Great War

• Every good war needs a good name
• War to make the world safe for democracy
• War to end all wars
• Propaganda encourages men to enlist and Americans
  to make sacrifices

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Propaganda Helps the War Effort
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Americans on the European Front

• Section 3

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Americans on the European Front

• America needs time to prepare for war
• American troops help turn the tide in Europe
• Conditions in Europe are horrendous

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Americans on the European Front

• Selective Service Act - May 1917
• Males age 21-30 required to register
• By wars end, 2,800,000 were actually drafted
• Thousands of women volunteered to serve as
  nurses, drivers, and clerks
• General Pershing is the commander of US troops in
  Europe
• Troops were strictly segregated - African
  Americans, Latinos, and Indians served in
  separate units with white officers

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Americans on the European Front
1917

• Millions of troops needed to be trained and
  shipped to Europe
• Men were trained in the use of rifles, bayonets,
  gas masks, and grenades
• Ships used the convoy system to reduce losses
• American Expeditionary Force - called doughboys

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Americans on the European Front
1917-1918

• Trench warfare continued in France
• Germany signed a separate peace with Russia in
  March, 1918
• Germany immediately began new offensives along
  the western front
• The Allied Powers struggled to hold the lines -
  Germans were within 50 miles of Paris (again)

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Americans on the European Front

• In May of 1918 the Americans entered the fighting
  in force
• From Cantigny in the north to St. Mihiel in the
  south, fresh American troops helped to turn back
  the German offensive
• By September of 1918 the Germans were in full
  retreat

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Americans on the European Front

• Aircraft were successfully utilized in World War
  I by both sides
• Bi-planes engaged in dogfights, reconnaissance
  missions, and bombing raids
• Both sides had heroes - aces that shot down enemy
  planes
• Zeppelins and hot air balloons were also used

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Heroes in the Air
Manfred von Richthofen
Edward Rickenbacker
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Americans on the European Front

• African American units segregated
• not allowed to serve in marines
• kept out of combat in navy and army
• 369th infantry
• Harlem Hell Fighters
• lent to the French
• distinguished in battle
• won the Croix de Guerre

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Ending the War

• Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire made a separate
  peace with the Allies in the autumn of 1918
• Austrian-Hungarian Empires collapsed as Poles,
  Czechs, and Slovaks, declared their independence

• The Germans ordered their fleet in Kiel to leave
  and confront the British
• Instead, on October 29th they mutinied
• Kaiser fled to Holland on November 10th

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• Armistice
• is signed on
• Nov. 11, 1918

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Influenza Outbreak

• Influenza virus was introduced to Europe by
  Americans in 1918
• Within months, it spread around the world
• Viruses flourish in unsanitary conditions and are
  easily spread by people in close proximity
• Approximately 500,000 Americans and 30 million
  worldwide died from Influenza

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Final Tallies

• Americans lost 50,000 soldiers in a little over a
  year of fighting
• Russia, Germany, France, and Austria-Hungary each
  lost over 1,000,000
• British lost 900,000
• Total killed is estimated at 8,500,000 killed in
  battle
• Thousands more die from disease and starvation
  during and after the war

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Lasting Effects

• Map of Europe was redrawn - entire countries
  disappeared and new ones emerged
• Genocide was committed by the Ottomans toward
  the Armenians
• Imperial Russia was lost and the Soviet Union was
  born
• Lost generation - so many young men died or were
  maimed that their losses effected their countries
  for many years

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Americans on the Home Front

• Section 4

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Americans on the Home Front

• Mobilizing the nation
• finance the war
• conserve scarce resources
• redirect industry
• increase wartime production
• organize a propaganda campaign

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Americans on the Home Front
Financing the war

• Increased taxes
• raised 15 billion dollars directly from people
• Liberty Bonds
• Campaign headed by William McAdoo
• Raised more than 20 billion dollars
• Propaganda posters related buying bonds to
  patriotism and/or saving our soldiers lives
• Movie stars and celebrities helped to sell bonds

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Campaign for Liberty Bonds
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Americans on the Home Front

• War Industries Board - Bernard Baruch
• allocated scarce resources
• established production priorities
• set prices
• asked business leaders to comply but threatened
  them with Nationalizing their industry if they
  refused.
• most complied and made huge profits off of the
  wartime production.

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Americans on the Home Front
Lever Food Fuel Control Act - 1917

• Food Administration
• guaranteed high prices to farmers
• asked Americans to voluntarily conserve meat and
  wheat
• Victory Gardens
• rationed meat, sugar, and other scarce products

• Fuel Administration
• asked Americans to conserve coal and oil
• closed factories due to coal shortages
• Forbid coal miners from going on strike

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Food Administration
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Americans on the Home Front

• Enforcing Loyalty
• Committee on Public Information
• Led by George Creel
• Focus was propaganda for the war effort
• Movies and newspapers were censored

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Americans on the Home Front

• Hate the Hun
• Stopped teaching German in schools
• Renamed hamburgers - Salisbury steaks
• German Shepherds became police dogs
• German born citizens were discriminated against
  and even lynched

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Americans on the Home Front

• Suppressing opposition
• Espionage Act (1917) became a crime to utter,
  print, write, or publish....(anything negative
  about) the government, the flag, the military,
  the draft, war bonds, or the arms industry.

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Americans on the Home Front

• Sedition Act (1918) strengthened the Espionage
  Act
• Schenck V. United States (1919) the supreme court
  upheld these acts because words could represent a
  clear and present danger in times of war

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Americans on the Home Front

• Over 1000 dissenters were imprisoned, including
  Eugene Debs and members of the IWW
• Others were attacked by vigilantes and beaten or
  lynched
• Personal freedoms and the Bill of Rights were
  seen as secondary to the war effort

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Americans on the Home Front
Social Mobility for Women Minorities

• Great Migration - 500,000 African Americans
  migrated north for factory jobs
• After the war, most of them remained in the north
  but struggled to keep their jobs

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Americans on the Home Front
Social Mobility for Women Minorities

• Over 400,000 women took care of the farms, ran
  small businesses, and worked in factories

Butler's Brewery
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Global Peacemaker

• Section 5

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Treaty Of Versailles

• Armistice of November 11, 1918 simply ended the
  war
• The Big Four - France, England, USA, and Italy -
  met in Paris in January 1919 to discuss the
  actual peace treaty
• President Wilson arrived with his 14 points for
  peace
• The other 3 were more interested in spoils

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Treaty Of Versailles

• Treaty was finally signed at Versailles in May of
  1919
• Germany admitted responsibility for the war.
• War reparations due from Germany (32 billion)
• League of Nations was formed

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Treaty Of Versailles

• Rhineland became a DMZ, up to 31 miles past the
  Rhine
• Saar Basin occupied by the Allies for 15 years
• Alsace-Lorraine (a disputed territory between
  France and Germany) was returned to France

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Map of German Cessions - 1919
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Treaty Of Versailles

• Czechoslovakia was created out of the Sudetenland
  and part of Austria-Hungary
• Yugoslavia was created from Serbia,
  Bosnia-Herzogenia, Croatia, Slovenia, and
  Macedonia
• Germanys military was disarmed

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Treaty Of Versailles

• Germany lost all of her colonies in Africa to the
  League of Nations, to be administered by the
  British and French
• Germany lost all of her colonies in Asia to the
  League of Nations, to be administered by
  Australia, New Zealand, and Japan

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Treaty Of Versailles

• Germanys new Republic would have democratic
  elections
• German port of Danzig would be open to Poland
• Re-establish independent states of Finland,
  Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia

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Treaty Of Versailles
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Treaty Of Versailles

• President Wilson agreed to the treaty, even
  though he opposed many of the provisions
• Treaties in the USA have to be ratified by the
  Senate
• The Senate refused to ratify the treaty
• They eventually wrote their own treaty declaring
  the war over

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Treaty Of Versailles

• President Wilson toured the USA trying to summon
  support for the League of Nations
• He had a stroke and was incapacitated in
  September, 1919 until March, 1920
• Unbeknown to the American people, his wife Edith
  ran the country for over six months

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The War Finally Ends

• Americans were tired of European problems and
  wanted to remain isolated from future problems
• America entered the roaring 20s soon after and
  put the war behind them
• In spite of Americans willingness to forget it,
  the world changed forever due to this war

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Ways that the world changed?