Chapter 17 THE ROAD TO WAR

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Chapter 17 THE ROAD TO WAR

• Section 1 The Search for Peace
• Section 2 Relations with Latin America
• Section 3 The Rise of Militarism
• Section 4 War Breaks Out

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Objectives
Section 1 The Search for Peace

• What foreign policy did the United States follow
  after World War I?
• What were the major postwar peace initiatives?
• How did war debts and reparations affect European
  nations after World War I?

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U.S. foreign policy after World War I
Section 1 The Search for Peace

• The U.S. followed a policy of partial
  isolationism, declining membership in the League
  of Nations and the World Court.

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Major postwar peace initiatives
Section 1 The Search for Peace

• The Five-Power Naval Treaty limited nations
  naval strength.
• The Four-Power Treaty guaranteed respect for
  nations territorial possessions in the Pacific.
• The Nine-Power Treaty guaranteed Chinas
  territorial integrity.
• The Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawed war.

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Effects of war debts and reparations
Section 1 The Search for Peace

• Britain, France, and Italy were in debt to the
  U.S., so they demanded reparations from Germany
  to help them pay.
• Germany was forced to borrow money from Britain
  and to print paper money.
• Germany suffered hyperinflation, which led to a
  severe economic downturn.
• German bitterness grew.

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SECTION 1
The Search for Peace
U.S. Foreign Policy After World War I
Americans Concerns After World War I
The United States follows a foreign policy of
partial isolationism. The country declines
membership in the League of Nations and the World
Court.
Many Americans worried about entering another
foreign conflict.
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Objectives
Section 2 Relations with Latin America

• What role did the United States play in
  Nicaraguan politics?
• How did U.S. relations with Latin America change
  in the 1930s?
• How did the Great Depression affect Latin
  American countries?

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U.S. and Nicaragua
Section 2 Relations with Latin America

• 1926 the U.S. invaded Nicaragua to protect
  commercial interests.
• 1927 Stimson helped negotiate an end to civil
  war in Nicaragua U.S. trained the Nicaraguan
  National Guard.
• 1926-1933 U.S. troops fought Sandinos forces.
• 1933 U.S. withdrew.
• 1936 on U.S. backed the Somoza regime.

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Changes in U.S. relationship with Latin America
Section 2 Relations with Latin America

• U.S. established the Good Neighbor policy.
• U.S. canceled the Platt Amendment (right to
  intervene in Cuban affairs).
• U.S. gave up its right to intervene unilaterally
  in Panama.
• U.S. withdrew troops from Haiti.
• U.S. did not intervene when Mexico chose to
  nationalize its oil industry.

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The Great Depression in Latin America
Section 2 Relations with Latin America

• Crop prices decreased, wages dropped,
  unemployment grew.
• The gulf between the rich and the poor grew.
• Caudillos took power in many countries.

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SECTION 2
Relations with Latin America
The Great Depression in Latin America
The Great Depression
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Objectives
Section 3 The Rise of Militarism

• How did Benito Mussolini create a fascist state
  in Italy?
• How did Joseph Stalin maintain power in the
  Soviet Union?
• How did Adolf Hitler rise to power in Germany?
• What caused the Spanish Civil War?
• What actions did Japans military take during the
  1930s?

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Causes of the Spanish Civil War
Section 3 The Rise of Militarism

• In 1931, Spain adopted a new constitution
  limiting the power of the military and of the
  Catholic Church.
• The new constitution called for universal
  suffrage, nationalization of public utilities,
  and land for peasants.
• Conservative military men felt threatened by the
  populist reforms.
• In 1936, Fascist army officers led by Franco
  began to try to overthrow the government.

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Mussolini in Italy
Section 3 The Rise of Militarism

• led Fascists to power against Communists
• used Blackshirts to occupy Rome, with support of
  nationalists and industrialists
• got appointed prime minister and given
  dictatorial powers
• limited freedom of speech and voting rights
• arrested opponents

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Hitler in Germany
Section 3 The Rise of Militarism

• Hitler won support by blaming Jews, Communists,
  and intellectuals for Germanys decline.
• In 1932, 40 percent of the vote in national
  elections went to the Nazi Party.
• Hitler was appointed chancellor and claimed
  dictatorial powers.
• Hitler crushed political opposition.

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Stalin in the Soviet Union
Section 3 The Rise of Militarism

• seized private land and collectivized agriculture
• sent opponents to forced labor camps
• used police and army to suppress dissent
• purged the party and the army of opposition

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SECTION 3
The Rise of Militarism
Hitlers Rise to Power in Germany
Hitler claims dictatorial powers Hitler crushes
political opposition.
Hitler is appointed chancellor of Germany
The Nazi Party wins 40 of the vote in national
elections.
Hitlers views win him many supporters.
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Japans military during the 1930s

• built up naval forces in violation of Washington
  Conference pledges
• invaded Manchuria
• clashed with Chinese troops near Beijing
• occupied northern China
• launched bombing raids against Chinese cities
• occupied Nanjing

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Objectives
Section 4 War Breaks Out

• What was the international response to fascism?
• What were the early events of World War II?
• Why did tension between the United States and
  Germany increase?
• Why did Japan bomb Pearl Harbor?

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International response to fascism
Section 4 War Breaks Out

• U.S. Congress passed neutrality laws.
• European leaders adopted a policy of appeasement,
  but also sped up rearmament.
• The U.S. recognized the Soviet Union.

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Early events of World War II
Section 4 War Breaks Out

• 1939 Hitler occupied Czechoslovakia and signed a
  nonaggression pact with Stalin.
• 1939 Germany invaded Poland and France and
  Britain declared war.
• 1940 Germany occupied Belgium, Denmark, northern
  France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Norway.
• 1940 British citizens rescued the British army
  from Dunkirk, and Germany established a puppet
  government in France.

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Reasons for climbing tensions between U.S. and
Germany
Section 4 War Breaks Out

• increasing U.S. aid to allies
• German submarine attacks
• Roosevelts shoot-on-sight orders

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Reasons for Japans bombing of Pearl Harbor
Section 4 War Breaks Out

• freezing of all Japanese assets in the U.S
• embargo on American shipments of gasoline,
  machine tools, scrap iron, and steel to Japan

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SECTION 4
War Breaks Out
U.S. Congress passes neutrality laws.
European nations speed up rearmament.

The Response to Fascism
European leader adopt a policy of appeasement.
Soviets and the United States mend fences.