The 2006 Global Integrity Report:

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The 2006 Global Integrity Report
An Investigative Report on Anti-Corruption
Systems in 43 Countries 1 March 2007 Center for
International Private Enterprise
http//www.globalintegrity.org
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Outline

• Introduction
• Global Integrity
• The 2006 Global Integrity Report
• Key Findings

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The Need

• One of the most significant challenges facing
  policymakers and advocates alike has been the
  difficulty in prioritizing governance weaknesses
  in a country or region.
• Difficult decisions must be made on how to spend
  limited financial and political capital on reform
  efforts.
  
• Often, the process has been a best guess
  effort.
  

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The Challenge

• Virtually all existing governance/anti-corruption/
  corruption indicators are not suitable for
  cross-country comparisons or for tracking changes
  over time (Uses and Abuses of Governance
  Indicators, Arndt Oman, OECD 2006).
• Yet, existing toolkits are often misunderstood
  and misused despite explicit warnings about their
  limitations (e.g. development agency RFPs that
  seek an improvement in a countrys score on an
  aggregate perception survey).
• Misuse of indicators, coupled with serious time
  lags inherent in most data, undercuts political
  will for reform why bother reforming if you can
  never catch up to a process you cant affect?

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Our Approach

• By its nature, corruption is almost impossible to
  measure with any degree of accuracy difficult to
  measure what you cant see.
  
• It is however possible to assess the laws,
  mechanisms, and institutions that should curb,
  deter, or prevent abuses of power, including
  their implementation.
• The Integrity Indicators are an assessment of the
  national anti-corruption/national integrity
  architecture of a country.

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Outline

• Introduction
• Global Integrity
• The 2006 Global Integrity Report
• 2006 Key Findings

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Who We Are

• Global Integrity is a Washington, DC-based
  international nonprofit organization that works
  with in-country teams to track governance and
  corruption trends around the world.

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Our Mission

• As an independent information provider, we
• collect and disseminate credible,
• comprehensive and timely information on
• good governance and corruption.
• We produce original reporting and quantitative
• analysis to promote accountable and democratic
• global governance that is in the public
  interest.
  

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Outline

• Introduction
• Global Integrity
• The 2006 Global Integrity Report
• 2006 Key Findings

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2006 Global Integrity Report

• In 2006, Global Integrity undertook its
• second major round of fieldwork, conducting
  journalistic reporting and data gathering in 43
  countries, primarily large aid recipients and
  emerging markets

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The Global Integrity Report

• A compilation of country reports prepared by
  in-country experts that assess openness,
  government accountability, and anti-corruption
  mechanisms at a national level.
• 200 in-country journalists and researchers in
  2006.

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2006 Countries (43)
Latin America Argentina, Brazil, Guatemala, Mexic
o, Nicaragua
Sub-Saharan Africa Benin, DROC, Ethiopia, Ghana,
Kenya, Liberia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal,
Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania,
Uganda, Zimbabwe
Middle East and North Africa Egypt, Israel, Leban
on, The West Bank, Yemen
Europe Bulgaria, Montenegro, Romania, Russia, Ser
bia Southeast Asia Cambodia, Indonesia, The P
hilippines, Vietnam

South and Central Asia Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georg
ia, India, KyrgyzRepublic, Nepal, Pakistan,
Tajikistan

North America USA
Repeated from 2004 (15) Incomplete Data
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Country Selection Criteria

• Balance
• Budget
• Availability of experts
• Emphasis on large aid recipient countries
• Emphasis on emerging markets
• Appeal to the international policy community

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The Global Integrity Report

• 1) Country Reports
• Country Facts
• Corruption Timeline
• Reporters Notebook
• Integrity Indicators
• Integrity Scorecard
• 2) Global Integrity Index
• Key Findings
• Cross country comparisons

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The Integrity IndicatorsWhat We Assess

• The existence of institutional mechanisms that
  prevent abuses of power (i.e. corruption)
  
• The effectiveness of those anti-corruption
  mechanisms
  
• The access that citizens have to those mechanisms
  to hold public officials accountable
  

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The 2006 Global Integrity Index 6 key
governance dimensions23 sub-categories
IV. Administration and Civil Service
Civil Service Regulations Whistle-Blowing
Measures Procurement Privatization
V. Oversight and Regulation National Ombudsman
Supreme Audit Institution Taxes and Customs
Financial Sector Regulation Business Licensing
and Regulation VI. Anti-Corruption and Rule of
Law Anti-Corruption Law Anti-Corruption Agency
Rule of Law Law Enforcement
I. Civil Society, Public Information and Media
Civil Society Organizations Media Public Access
to Information II. Elections Voting and Citiz
en Participation Election Integrity Political
Financing III. Government Accountability Execu
tive Accountability Legislative Accountability
Judicial Accountability Budget Process
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Constructing the Index Integrity Indicators

• 75 Integrity Indicators grouped into 6
  categories, 23 sub-categories
  
• 292 discrete indicators (11,000 data points in
  2006)
  
• In law vs. In practice we capture the
  implementation gap
  
• Each indicator has a score, an explanatory
  comment and a supporting reference
  
• Ordinal scoring (0, 25, 50, 75, 100) with coding
• Blind peer review comments for many indicators
  (15,000 in 2006)
  
• 110 transparency all disaggregated scores,
  comments, references, and reader comments
  published.
  

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Integrity Indicators A Framework for Analysis
Integrity Indicators Perceptions Data

• measurable
• actionable for governments

• not measurable

• measurable
• not actionable for governments

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Integrity Indicators A Framework for Analysis

• The Integrity Indicators serve as an additional
  tool, another arrow in the quiver. They do not
  replace useful perceptions surveys.
  
• Effective inputs (laws exist and are
  implemented) dont always translate to effective
  output lower perceptions of corruption.
  Inverse is also true.
• Example An effective, free press brings to
  light more scandals than oppressed media.

The key is country-specific analysis to
understand and tease out whether certain inputs
and outputs are or are not related, how, and
why.
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Outline

• Introduction
• Global Integrity
• The 2006 Global Integrity Report
• 2006 Key Findings

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Global Integrity Index 2006RatingsVery
Strong 0 CountriesStrong 4 CountriesModerate
12 CountriesWeak 11 CountriesVery Weak 14
Countries
Scoring tiers Very Strong (90) Strong (80) Mo
derate (70)
Weak (60) Very Weak (below 60)
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2006 Key Findings

• Political financing is the 1 anti-corruption
  challenge facing this years group of countries.
  
• Growing problem in both wealthy and developing
  nations

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2006 Key Findings

• Weak legislative accountability threatens to
  undermine other crucially needed long-term
  anti-corruption reforms.
  
• Without accountable and independent
  legislatures, difficult to implement necessary
  anti-corruption legislation.

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2006 Key Findings

• Vietnam, one of Asias hottest emerging markets,
  is assessed as having the second weakest overall
  anti-corruption framework of the entire group of
  2006 countries.
• Challenges are deeply rooted and systemic.

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2006 Key Findings

• Russia appears to have made little additional
  progress in establishing and enforcing effective
  anti-corruption mechanisms compared to several
  other Soviet Union successor states.
• Beyond the front-page headlines, structural
  deficiencies are also a major problem.
  

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2006 Key Findings

• Promoting effective anti-corruption and good
  governance programs in post-conflict Africa
  requires a long term commitment.
  
• Political will can make a difference even where
  resources are scarce.

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2006 Key Findings

• New European Union (EU) members
• Romania and Bulgaria have strong public
• integrity systems in place to prevent
• Corruption Romania slightly
• exceeding the performance of Bulgaria.
• Media ownership remains a problem in both.

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2006 Key Findings

• Weak (or non-existent) access to
• information laws and whistleblower
• protections threaten government
• accountability in almost every country.
• Political will the key to reform.

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A Powerful Diagnostic Tool
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Using the Integrity Indicators

• The Integrity Indicators offer a toolkit to
  policymakers, advocates, and private sector
  actors by identifying strengths and weaknesses in
  a national anti-corruption structure.
• Armed with that insight, decision makers can make
  more informed decisions and address the greatest
  weaknesses (while supporting mechanisms that work
  well) in a system.
• All actors can track progress in real-time to
  gauge effectiveness and ensure reform efforts
  remain on track.
  

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Who uses our data?

• Grassroots advocates and NGOs
• Reform-minded politicians
• Local journalists
• Aid officials
• Investment banks and foreign investors

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Global Integrity 910 17th Street, NW, Suite 1040
Washington, DC 20006, USA 1-202-449-4100 info_at_
globalintegrity.org http//www.globalintegrity.or
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