Social Development

1
Social Development

• The changing nature of relationships with others
  over the life span

2
What Are the Issues ?

• Individuals develop socially. How do social
  relationships develop?
• What factors drive social development?
• biological
• cultural
• cognitive

3
Eriksons Theory

• Biological in belief that there are innate drives
  to develop social relationships and that these
  promote survival (Darwinism)
• Divided life span into eight psychosocial stages,
  each associated with a different drive and a
  problem or crisis to resolve
• Outcome of each stage varies along a continuum
  from positive to negative

4
Stage 1 (birth - 1)Trust vs. Mistrust

• Infants must rely on others for care
• Consistent and dependable caregiving and meeting
  infant needs leads to a sense of trust
• Infants who are not well cared for will develop
  mistrust

5
Stage 2 (1-3 years) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

• Children are discovering their own independence
• Those given the opportunity to experience
  independence will gain a sense of autonomy
• Children that are overly restrained or punished
  harshly will develop shame and doubt

6
Stage 3 (3-5 years)Initiative vs. Guilt

• Children are exposed to the wider social world
  and given greater responsibility
• Sense of accomplishment leads to initiative,
  whereas feelings of guilt can emerge if the child
  is made to feel too anxious or irresponsible

7
Stage 4 (5-12 years) Industry vs. Inferiority

• Stage of life surrounding mastery of knowledge
  and intellectual skills
• Sense of competence and achievement leads to
  industry
• Feeling incompetent and unproductive leads to
  inferiority

8
Stage 5 (adolescence)Identity vs. Confusion

• Developing a sense of who one is and where s/he
  is going in life
• Successful resolution leads to positive identity
• Unsuccessful resolution leads to identity
  confusion or a negative identity

9
Stage 6 (young adulthood)Intimacy vs. Isolation

• Time for sharing oneself with another person
• Capacity to hold commitments with others leads to
  intimacy
• Failure to establish commitments leads to
  feelings of isolation

10
Stage 7 (middle adulthood)Generativity vs.
Stagnation

• Caring for others in family, friends and work
  leads to sense of contribution to later
  generations
• Stagnation comes from a sense of boredom and
  meaninglessness

11
Stage 8 (late adulthood to death)Integrity vs.
Despair

• Successful resolutions of all previous crises
  leads to integrity and the ability to see broad
  truths and advise those in earlier stages
• Despair arises from feelings of helplessness and
  the bitter sense that life has been incomplete

12
Bronfenbrenners Social Ecology Theory

• Network of interactions and interdependencies
  among people, institutions and cultural
  context

13
Infant Attachment

• Intense emotional bond between infant and
  caregiver

14
Harlows Study of Attachment

• Infant rhesus monkeys were placed with two
  surrogate mothers, one made of wire and one
  covered with soft cloth
• Milk-producing nipple was attached to either the
  wire or the cloth mother
• Attachment was based on contact comfort rather
  than feeding

15
Ainsworths Strange Situation

• Mother-child dyads were observed in a playroom
  under four conditions
• initial mother-child interaction
• mother leaves infant alone in playroom
• friendly stranger enters playroom
• mother returns and greets child

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Forms of Attachment

• Securely attached - explores the room when mother
  is present, becomes upset and explores less when
  mother is not present, shows pleasure when mother
  returns
• Avoidantly attached - a form of insecure
  attachment in which child avoids mother and act
  coldly to her

17
Forms of Attachment

• Anxious resistant attachment - a form of insecure
  attachment where the child remains close to
  mother and remains distressed despite her
  attempts to comfort

18
Hoffmans Categories of Discipline

• Power assertion - use of rewards and real or
  threatened punishments to control childrens
  behavior
• Love withdrawal - expressing disapproval of child
  rather than action
• Induction - verbal reasoning in which parent
  induces child to think about harmful consequences
  of actions

19
Baumrinds Parenting Styles

• Authoritarian - value obedience and use a high
  degree of power assertion
• Authoritative - less concerned with obedience,
  greater use of induction
• Permissive - most tolerant, least likely to use
  discipline
• Neglectful - completely uninvolved

20
Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development

• Assessed moral reasoning by posing hypothetical
  moral dilemmas and examining the reasoning behind
  peoples answers
• Proposed five stages, each taking into account a
  broader portion of the social world

21
Levels of Moral Reasoning

• Preconventional - moral reasoning is based on
  external rewards and punishments
• Conventional - laws and rules are upheld simply
  because they are laws and rules
• Postconventional - reasoning based on personal
  moral standards

22
Stage 1 Obedience and Punishment Orientation

• A focus on direct consequences
• Negative actions will result in punishments
• Positive actions will result in rewards

23
Stage 2 Self-Interested Exchanges

• Reflects the understanding that different people
  have different self-interests, which sometimes
  come in conflict
• Getting what one wants often requires giving
  something up in return

24
Stage 3 Interpersonal Accord and Conformity

• An attempt to live up to the expectations of
  important others
• Positive actions will improve relations with
  significant others
• Negative actions will harm those relationships

25
Stage 4 Law-and-Order Morality

• To maintain social order, people must resist
  personal pressures and follow the laws of the
  larger society

26
Stage 5 Human-Rights and Social-Welfare Morality

• A balance is struck between respect for laws and
  ethical principles that transcend specific laws
• Laws that fail to promote general welfare or that
  violate ethical principles can be changed,
  reinterpreted, or abandoned