Social Context and Socioemotional Development Pertemuan 6

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Social Context and Socioemotional
DevelopmentPertemuan 6
Matakuliah E1122 - Psikologi Pendidikan Tahun
2007
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Eight Stages of Human Development
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TRUST versus MISTRUST
Infancy / First Year

• The development of trust requires warm, nurturing
  caregiving
• The positive outcomes is a feeling of comfort and
  minimal fear
• Mistrust develops when infants are treated too
  negatively or are
• ignored

AUTONOMY versus SHAME and DOUBT
Infancy / 1 to 3 years

• Begin to discover that their behavior is their
  own
• They assert their independence and realize their
  will
• If infants are restrained too much or punished
  too harshly, they develop a sense of shame and
  doubt

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Early Childhood/ preschool years 3 to 5 years
INITIATIVE versus GUILT

• As young children experience a widening social
  world, they are challenged more than they were as
  infants
• They need to engage in active, purposeful
  behavior
• But adults expect children to become more
  responsible and require them to assume some
  responsibility for taking care of their bodies
  and belongings
• Developing a sense of responsibility increase
  initiative
• Develop uncomfortable guilt feelings if they are
  irresponsible or are made to feel too anxious

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INDUSTRY versus INFERIORITY
Middle and Late Childhood/ elementary school
years 6 to puberty

• Move into the elementary school years
• They direct their energy toward mastering
  knowledge and intellectual skills
• At no time are children more enthusiastic about
  learning than at the end of early childhood, when
  their imagination is expansive
• The danger is developing a sense of inferiority,
  unproductiveness, and imcompetence

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Adolescence/10 to 20 years
IDENTITY versus IDENTITY CONFUSION

• Try to find out who they are, what they are all
  about, and where they are going in life.
• They are confronted with many new roles and adult
  statues (such as vocational and romantic)
• Adolescents need to be allowed to explore
  different paths to attain a healthy identity

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INTIMACY versus ISOLATION
Early Adulthood/20s to 30s

• The developmental task is to form positive close
  relationships with others
• Erikson describes intimacy as finding oneself but
  losing oneself in another person
• The hazard of this stage is that one will fail to
  form an intimate relationship with a romantic
  partner of friend and become socially isolated

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GENERATIVITY versus STAGNATION
Middle Adulthood/40s to 50s

• Means transmitting something positive to the next
  generation
• This can involve such roles as parenting and
  teaching
• Erikson described stagnation as the feeling of
  having done nothing to help the next generation

INTEGRITY versus DESPAIR
Late Adulthood/60s onward

• Older adults review their lives, reflecting on
  what they have done
• If the retrospective evaluations are positive,
  they develop a sense of integrity
• In contrast, older adults become despairing if
  their backward glance are mainly negative

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SOCIAL CONTEXTS OF DEVELOPMENT

• Authoritarian Parenting, a restrictive and
  punitive. Exhort children to follow their
  directions and respect them, firm limits, and
  controls on their children and allow little
  verbal exchange associated with childrens
  social incompetence
• Authoritative Parenting, encourages children to
  be independent but still places limits and
  controls on their actions. Extensive verbal
  give-and-take is allowed and parents are
  nurturant and supportive associated with
  childrens social competence

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• Neglectful Parenting, parents are uninvolved in
  their childrens lives. The children often behave
  in socially incompetent ways. They tend to have
  poor self-control, dont handle independence
  well, and arent achivement motivated
• Indulgent Parenting, parents are highly involved
  with their children but place few limits or
  restrictions on their behaviors. These parents
  often let their children do what they want and
  get their way. The children usually dont learn
  to control their own behavior.