Grammar

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Grammar

• S. Hall

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Nouns

• Are words that are persons, places and things
• Examples swimmer, Atlanta, water, frogs

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Nouns

• Different Types
• Common and Proper
• Abstract and Concrete
• Singular and Plural
• Possessive

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Nouns

• Common Nouns
• general type of noun
• President
• Mountain
• House
• Musician
• Store
• Restaurant

• Proper Nouns
• Particular type of noun
• George Bush
• Mount Everest
• White House
• 50 cent
• GAP
• Applebees

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Nouns

• A persons name is a proper noun. People can
  have titles. Capitalize a persons title.
• Ex. Professor James, Rev. Smith, Dr. Jones, Mr.
  Hand, Mrs. Johnson

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Nouns

• Abstract Nouns
• Word that names something you cannot see or touch
• Expense
• Minute
• Education

• Concrete Nouns
• Word that you can see and touch
• Money
• Clock
• college

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Nouns

• Singular Nouns
• The name of one person, place, thing, or idea
• Apple
• Tree
• mouth

• Plural Nouns
• The name of more than one person, place, thing,
  or idea
• End in s
• Apples
• Trees
• mouths

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Nouns

• Nouns that end in y
• Some nouns that end in y become plural by-
  changing the y to i then add es

• Rule 1
• The letter before the y in key, alley, and boy is
  a vowel. Just add s.
• Rule 2
• The letter before y in city, lady, spy is a
  consonant. Change the y to i then add es.

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Nouns

• Nouns that end in o add s
• Radios
• Studios
• Nouns that end in o but have a consonant before
  its final o add es
• Potatoes
• echoes

• Musical words that end in o add s

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Nouns

• Nouns that end in f or fe
• Some nouns that end in f or fe add s to make them
  plural
• safe----safes
• Belief---believes

• Some nouns that end in f or fe- Change the f to v
  and add es or f to v and add s
• Life----- lives
• Leaf----leaves

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Nouns

• Irregular Plural Nouns
• Deer, sheep, trout, fish

• Irregular Plural Nouns
• child--- children
• Man-men
• Foot----feet
• Oxoxen
• Mouse-mice

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Nouns

• Plural Proper Nouns
• S to singular forms
• If a proper noun ends in s or z add es to make it
  plural
• Jones-----Joneses
• Hernandez- Hernadezes

• Make a date plural by adding s
• 1990s
• two As
• 90s

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Nouns

• Possessive Nouns- shows ownership or a
  relationship between two things.
• It always has an apostrophe.
• Ex. Angelas jacket

• Singular noun add s
• ex. Schools motto
• Singular noun that ends in s add s
• ex. Bosss office
• Plural noun that ends in s add
• ex. Trains route
• Plural noun that does not end in s
• Ex. Childrens mens

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Nouns

• Underline or italicized the title of a movie,
  book, magazine, opera, or play.
• Ex. Star Wars or Star Wars
• Put quotation marks around the title of a song,
  poem or short story.
• Ex. America the Beautiful

• Nouns as books, songs, movies, stories, have
  titles.
• A title is a proper noun.
• Capitalize all important words in a title.

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Pronouns

• Takes the place of a noun
• John is my brother. He is older than Mr. Knight.

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Pronouns

• Personal Pronouns
• Refers to people or things.
• Refers to the person speaking and the one being
  spoke to or being talked about.
• Can be singular or plural.

• 1st person pronoun
• refers to the person who is speaking--- I
• 2nd person pronoun
• Refers to the person you are speaking to--you
• 3rd person pronoun
• Refers to the person or thing you are talking
  about-he, she, it

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Personal Pronouns
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Pronouns

• Relative pronouns-
• Who, whom, whose, which, that, and what

• Who, whom, whose refer to people
• Which and what refer to things
• That- refers to people and things

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Pronouns

• Interrogative pronouns-
• Who, whom, whose, which, and what

• They ask questions????
• Who, which and what are only interrogative
  pronouns only when they ask a questions.
• Ex. Who is going?
• Whom did you call?
• Whose hat this?

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Pronouns

• Demonstrative Pronouns
• Point out particular persons and things.

• This, these, that, and those
• Ex. This is my house.
• These are my pens.
• Those are my friends.
• That is my cat.

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Pronouns

• Indefinite Pronouns
• Do not refer to specific people or things.
• They do not have clear antecedents.

• Ex. Singular
• Another, anybody, each, one, either, everybody,
  someone, neither, nobody
• Ex. Plural
• All, both, few, many, several

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Contractions

• Use an apostrophe to show possessive pronouns
• A contraction is two words made into one by
  leaving out one or more letters.

• An apostrophe is used to take the place of the
  missing letters.
• Contractions are only used in informal writing
  (friendly letters) not formal writing.

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Common Contractions
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Verbs

• are action words or being words
• Example run, is, think, was

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Verbs

• Verbs express tense (time)
• Verbs can express three simple tenses!!!
• Present happening now
• Past- action has already happened
• Future- action will happen in the future

• Infinitive
• to plus the present tense of the verb
• Verbs use endings or both to express tense
• A helping verbs combines with a main verb to form
  a verb phrase.

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Verbs
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Verbs

• Perfect Tenses of Verbs
• Present Perfect
• Past Perfect
• Future perfect
• A Verb Phrase
• A main verb plus a helping verb

• Present Perfect
• Has joined
• Future Perfect
• Will have belonged
• Past Perfect
• had belonged

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Verbs

• Verbs have three main forms- infinitive
  (present), past and past participle.
• Regular verbs forms past and past participles by
  adding ed or d.
• Regular and Irregular Verbs

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Irregular Verbs
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Irregular Verbs
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Irregular Verbs
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Progressive Verb Phrases

• Expresses continuing action
• Add ing to the present tense of the verb to form
  the present participle.

• To form progressive verb phrases use the helping
  verb be plus the present participle

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Progressive Verb Phrases
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Subject-Verb Agreement

• Must agree in singular and plural with its
  subject.
• When the subject is singular pronoun add s or es

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Subject-Verb Agreement

• When the subject is I or you, use the plural form
  of the verb.
• Ex. I enjoy Thanksgiving with my family.
• Do you enjoy Thanksgiving?

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Adverbs

• Describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs
• A sea turtle swims slowly and gracefully.

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Adjectives

• Describe nouns and pronouns
• Example- pretty girl,
• Example- She is beautiful.
• Answers the questions
• What kind? Which one? How many? How much?

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Adjectives

• Articles ----- a, an and the
• Always come before a noun and always adjectives
• Definite article---- the
• Indefinite articles--- a, an
• a--- before a word that begins with a consonant
• an- before a word that begins with a vowel

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Adjectives

• Proper Adjectives
• are proper nouns that we use as adjectives

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Adjectives

• Common Nouns as adjectives. Noun---Emily likes
  music.

• Adjective- She works at a music store.

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Adjectives

• Possessive Nouns and Possessive pronouns as
  adjectives.

• Examples
• Emilys dog is a pug.
• Johnnys soccer
• Her hat
• His idea

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Adjectives

• Numbers as Adjectives
• Ex. Joe drove four hundred miles.
• The trip took eight hours.

• Indefinite pronouns
• Ex. Several people wanted to go on the trip.
• Few students were able to go.

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Demonstrative Adjectives

• Pronouns can be adjectives
• This that these and those

• Examples Adjective
• That book is long.
• Non-example (Pronoun)
• That is a long book.
• Ask what it describes??

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Adjectives to Compare

• You can also use adjectives to compare two or
  more people or things. Three forms-
• Positive
• Comparative
• Superlative

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Double the Consonant

• Double the final consonant when you add an ending
  to a word that has one syllable, ends in a
  consonant and has one vowel before the consonant.

• Ex.
• Big-bigger
• Sad-sadder
• Big-biggest
• Sad-saddest
• Some that you do not double
• Short-shorter
• Fast-faster

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Conjunction

• FANBOYS
• For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
• Connect words, phrases or clauses

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Prepositions

• Begin phrases that show a relationship
• Example- to, beneath, under, at,

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Interjections

• A word or phrase that expresses a feeling.
• Example ah, hurray, hello, wow, yes, whew, oh,
  ha, alas, gosh,