People, Natural Resources, and Climate: ICRAF in the Philippines

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People, Natural Resources, and Climate ICRAF in
the Philippines

• Rodel D. Lasco
• Philippines Coordinator

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Outline

• Our context state of natural resources in the
  Philippines
• What ICRAF is doing
• Landcare (NVS, trees)
• Payments for environmental services (climate
  change mitigation)
• Climate change adaptation
• Interaction with policy makers

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Whats wrong with our natural resources?
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The Philippine Uplands Forest lands under siege

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Extent of Forest Cover Loss for the last 100 years
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60
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18.3
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23.7
Source Dolom, 2006 Adapted from Environmental
Science for Social Change, 1999
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450 families "owned" 10 M ha!
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Imperata grasslands cover gt 2 M ha
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18-20 M people live in the uplands
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More than 100 years of reforestation
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Can the government rehabilitate denuded forest
lands?

• At current rate of reforestation, it will take
  more than 100 years to reforest denuded lands!
• Assuming there are financial resources
• US 1 billion needed to reforest 2 M ha
• A better way is needed

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How ICRAF is trying to make a difference
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Landcare an approach for promoting sound NRM
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What is Landcare Approach?

• A community-led initiative for the judicious
  utilization of the land and the application of
  basic principles of natural resource management
• Operationally, an extension approach for the
  rapid and inexpensive diffusion among upland
  farmers of agroforestry and SWC
• Supported by ACIAR/AusAID and AECI

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Organizational structure of Municipal Landcare
Association (Claveria Landcare Association)
MUNICIPAL LEVEL

• ACTORS
• President, Municipal Landcare Association
• Barangay level Presidents (Chapter presidents)
• Municipal Mayor
• Municipal councilsl
• Municipal Agriculture Officer
• Academe and research institution
• NGOs

VILLAGE LEVEL

• ACTORS
• Chapter president
• Sub-chapter level Presidents
• Agriculture technicians
• Village councils

SUB-VILLAGE LEVEL

• ACTORS
• Sub-chapter Landcare president
• Households
• Agriculture technicians
• Sitio leaders

Sitio Landcare Sub-chapter
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Upland technologies
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Desirable qualities of NVS

• minimal labor and zero cash input in
  establishment and maintenance
• effective in reducing soil loss
• reduced sediment loss from cultivated hillsides
  with 25 to 45 slope by up to 95

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• minimal competition on adjacent row crops, as
  long as NVS pruned at least once before- and once
  during a 3- to 4- month cropping period
• technology acceptable to tenant farmers since it
  requires very minimal investments
• allows farmers to adopt individual components in
  a flexible, stepwise manner, enabling them to
  pursue alternative adoption pathways

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• Provide the foundation for farmers to evolve to
  complex agroforestry by incorporating fruit and
  timber trees, fodder grasses and other crops

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Impacts of Landcare
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Types of adoptors of soil and water conservation
measures
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Landcare now (1996 to the present)

• Today, there are more than 600 Landcare groups in
  northern Mindanao and Visayas
• More than 8,000 farming families have adopted
  soil conservation technologies
• Covering 4,700 ha
• established more than 300 communal and individual
  tree nurseries
• Hundreds of thousands of fruit and timber tree
  seedlings were planted

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Payments for Environmental Services
Watershed Protection Biodiversity
Protection Carbon Sequestration Landscape Beauty
Source Francisco, 2005
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• Whats wrong with our climate?

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Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide,
methane and nitrous oxide over the last 10,000
years (large panels) and since 1750 (inset
panels). (IPCC, 2007)
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IPCC, 2007
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IPCC 2007
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Two basic responses to climate change

• Mitigation- An anthropogenic intervention to
  reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of
  greenhouse gases.
• Adaptation- Adjustment in natural or human
  systems in response to actual or expected
  climatic stimuli or their effects, which
  moderates harm or exploits beneficial
  opportunities.

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Climate change mitigation
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Trees help mitigate CO2, but
CO2
Photosynthesis
Burning
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BIOMASS IS ABOUT 50 CARBON BY WEIGHT
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189 (48)
Total C density 393 t/ha
3.5 (0.9)
4.8 (1.2)
Roots 4.3 (1.1)
SOC 191 (49)
Carbon density (t/ha) of natural forests in
Leyte, Philippines (Lasco et al., 2003)
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There is an emerging carbon market

• As payments for carbon sequestration service of
  trees
• The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the
  Kyoto Protocol
• Voluntary market (USA)
• World Bank carbon funds

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Division of Parties under the UNFCCC
Annex I
Annex II
Australia / Austria / Belgium / Canada / Denmark
/ EC / Finland / France / Germany / Greece
/Iceland / Ireland / Italy / Japan / Luxembourg /
Netherlands / New Zealand / Norway / Portugal /
Spain / Sweden / Switzerland / Turkey / United
Kingdom / USA
Belarus / Bulgaria / Croatia / Czech Republic /
Estonia / Hungary / Latvia / Liechtenstein /
Lithuania / Monaco / Poland / Romania / Russian
Federation / Slovakia / Slovenia / Ukraine
Non-Annex I Countries All the Rest of Ratifying
Countries
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Selected Emission Reduction () of Annex 1
countries (relative to 1990)

• Industrialized Countries
• Australia 108
• Canada 94
• EC bubble 92
• (Germany 75)
• (Portugal 140)
• Japan 94
• Norway 101
• New Zealand 100
• USA 93 ???

• Economies in Transition
• Bulgaria 92
• Baltics 92
• Croatia 95
• Czech Republic 92
• Hungary 94
• Poland 94
• Romania 92
• Russia 100
• Ukraine 100

Average reduction of 5
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Kyoto Protocol Flexibility Mechanisms(Source
Yap. 2004)
Annex I GHG Emissions
Clean Development Mechanism
Emission Trading
1990 level
Joint Implementation
- 5
Domestic Actions
Assigned Amounts
Present day
2012 (BaU)
2012 with KP
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How A World Bank C Fund Works
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Only afforestation and reforestation projects are
allowed under the CDM
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CDMable Forest Lands
CDM
CDM
CDM
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ICRAF Philippines is

• Helping design carbon sequestration projects for
  small farmers to access carbon finance
• Engaging policy makers and donors in setting up
  guidelines for CDM
• Participating in the IPCC process (eg GHG
  inventory)

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LLDA/World Bank Tanay Streambank Project

• Reforest 70 ha of private and public lands
• Establish 25 ha of agroforestry farms

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Lasco, 2005
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Kalahan IP Carbon Project (RUPES-IFAD)

• convert the 900 ha of marginal and abandoned
  land to more productive tree-based system.
• enhance the livelihood of the communities through
  agroforestry.
• protect the watershed, enhance the biodiversity,
  and improve eco-tourism area

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Lasco and Villamor, 2006
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Climate Change Adaptation
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Findings from IPCC WG 2 (2007)

• Observational evidence shows that many natural
  systems are being affected by regional climate
  changes, particularly temperature increases.
• Adaptation will be necessary to address impacts
  resulting from the warming which is already
  unavoidable due to past emissions
• Some adaptation is occurring now, to observed and
  projected future climate change, but on a very
  limited basis
• A wide array of adaptation options is available,
  but more extensive adaptation than is currently
  occurring is required to reduce vulnerability to
  future climate change.

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(IPCC 2007)
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Sensitivity of rice yield to climate change as
derived against mean local temperature change
used as a proxy indicating magnitude of climate
change in each study. Responses include cases
without adaptation (red dots) and with adaptation
(dark green dots). Adaptation represented in
these studies included changes in planting,
changes in cultivars, and shifts from rain-fed to
irrigated conditions.
Chapter 5 IPCC 2007
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Key Questions for ICRAF Philippines

• Can rural institutions like Landcare and its
  associated agroforestry technologies increase
  resilience to climate risks?
• Are there policies in the natural resources
  sector that promote maladaptation (ie increased
  vulnerability) to climate change?
• How can watershed managers adapt to climate
  change?
• How can climate change adaptation be mainstreamed
  into national plans and programs on sustainable
  development?

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Projects

• TroFCCA/CIFOR Forests and watersheds
• ACCCA Landcare farmers and watersheds
• APN Mainstreaming climate change in sustainable
  development
• SEARCA Policies that promote maladaptation to
  climate change

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Forest ecosystems
Mean Annual Biotemperature
The Holdridge System of vegetative cover
classification
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Potential Holdridge life zones in the Philippines
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Holdridge life zones in the Philippines under
Scenario 1 (25 increase in rainfall) and at
three levels of temperature increase.
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Adaptation Strategy For Forests

• dry forest types are highly vulnerable
• an overall adaptation strategy should focus on
  identifying which forest areas are more at risk
  and which species are unique in these areas.
• Specific adaptation options could include helping
  vulnerable species migrate, assisting local
  communities shift from forest products from
  forests at risk

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Water Resources
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Projected daily average dry season flow in PCW
using 1990 landcover.
Cruz et al., 2006
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Adaptation strategies employed by the respondents
to cope with impacts of climate variability on
water requirements for irrigation
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Farmer adaptation to curent climate risks in
Pantabangan, NE

• Farmers adapt to current climate variability and
  extremes (eg ENSO, typhoons)
• Documented through workshops, focus group
  discussions and survey

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Current adaptation to drought by lowland farmers
in PCW irrigation districts
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Current adaptation to flooding in PCW
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Tradeoff analysis of adaptation strategies
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Mainstreaming climate change
Perceptions on whether or not climate change has
been mainstreamed into Philippine policies or
not.
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In summary, ICRAF Philippines is engaged in

• Strengthening local institutions through Landcare
  and AF technologies
• Helping small farmers capture payments for
  environmental services
• Finding ways by which small farmers can adapt to
  climate change
• Interacting with policy makers, international
  organizations and donors

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Thank You!!!
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www.worldagroforestry.org