LIBSPOSSOC 245: City and Citizenship 02182004

1
LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Course Agenda Today.
• Questions from last week?
• Revisions to syllabus.
• Pacione recommended not required.
• Spinney spread out over more weeks.
• Website http//faculty.roosevelt.edu/erickson/cou
  rses/pos245spr04/.
• Readings/Lecture.
• Industrial Cities and American Urban Development.
• Video Industrialization and Urbanization
• Migration Ethnic Settlement Patterns and Ethnic
  Politics.
• United States.
• Other States.
• Presentations.
• Weeks available, topics.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Periodization.
• 1830s to 1930s Ethnic and Machine Politics.
• 1930s - 1970s Functional Fiefdoms.
• 1960s - Present Dependent City.
• Three broad evolutionary changes.
• Power on ethnic and ward basis.
• Power organized on functional basis.
• Dependent city - power dispersed/fragmented,
  central city loses dominance.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Defining the Urban.
• Population. United States.
• 2004 pop. est. US 292,618,751/Earth
  6,349,182,753.
• US 2,500 people, urban. Graphics of population
  distrib.
• Urbanized areas, 50,000.
• Urban clusters, 2,500 to 50,000.
• Metropolitan Area, 50,000 or more.
• MSAs, PMSAs, and CMSA, 1,000,000 or more.
• New York. 18,603,110
• Los Angeles. 12,745,084
• Chicago. 9,286,207
• Definitions as of June 2003.
• Economic base.
• Administrative.
• Functional.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Roman City.
• Water and public health.
• Defense and internal order.
• Corruption and quality of leadership.
• Slave, Citizen, Elite.
• Industrial Cities.
• American Urbanization (Pacione) - Technology and
  Economy.
• Stage 1 Sailing Vessel/Horse Drawn Wagon.
• Stage 2 Steam and Iron, Rail 1830-1870.
• Stage 3 Steam and Steel, 1870-1920.
• Stage 4 Automobile and Air, 1920-1970.
• Stage 5 The Age of Deconcentration.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Harrign and Vogel.
• Urban Field.
• Core 300,000 and two hour automobile drive. 90
  US is urban.
• Megalopolis.
• Northeastern United States. 45 million.
• Metropolis and Megalopolis only could exist in
  late 19th century.
• Agricultural surplus, transport, declining death
  rates.
• Urbanization of America, 1840-1920.
• Linked to urbanization, industrialization, and
  attendant problems in Europe.
• Metropolitanization of America.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Migration Stages.
• First Wave - Mainstream Migrants, 1845-1895.
• English and Germans.
• Second Wave - European Ethnic Minorities,
  1845-1924.
• Irish, Italians, Catholic Poles, Jewish (German,
  Russian, Pole).
• Third Wave - Rural South to North, 1910-1970.
• African-American.
• Fourth Wave - Contemporary Urban Migrants,
  1961-present.
• Latinos, Asians.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Transportation Advances and effects.
• Turnpikes. 1800-1840.
• Absence for Chicago - Spinney 42-43 transport
  problem.
• Rail critical 1850-1920.
• Interurban transport.
• Economic integration of city and surrounding
  agricultural and natural resource base - Chicago
  Spinney 47-69.
• Configuration of rail networks determines rise
  and fall of certain cities - Chicago vs. St
  Louis, Spinney 50-51.
• Subways and elevated rail systems for intra-urban
  transport.
• Canals. 1820-1850 - Chicago - Illinois and
  Michigan Canals.
• River. 1840-1875 - Chicago.
• Auto/Truck/Air networks. 1920s-present.
• Electronic networks. 1965-present.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• National Corporate Economy/Industrialization.
• Especially following Civil War US economy shifts
  from small firms to national scale corporations.
• Corporate business offices become stimulus to
  downtown growth.
• Contemporary American Urban Configuration.
• Center of rapid urbanization shift from Northeast
  to West, from Rustbelt to Sunbelt.
• Western cities have different ethnic makeup.
• Large scale suburbanization.
• Federal subsidies for suburbanization.
• FHA, VA housing.
• Interstate System.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Decline of Central Cities.
• Economic Change.
• Out-migration.
• Decline in household size.
• Single-parent households.
• Single.
• No children.
• Population displacement.
• Commercial replaces residential.
• Not all central cities declining.
• Reversal and gentrification.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Dual Migration.
• Post World War II.
• Produced by complex conjunction of factors.
• In-migration of poor, rural, ethnic minorities
  into large cities.
• Out-migration of white middle and upper class to
  suburbs or enclaves in central city core.
• In-Migration.
• Key Drivers.
• Job prospects in industrial cities - linked to
  general industrialization and especially World
  War II production.
• Major Cities New York, Chicago, Detroit, St.
  Louis, Los Angeles.
• San Francisco/Oakland - profoundly patterned by
  WWII production especially.
• Industrial/manufacturing jobs did not live up to
  promise.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• In-Migration (continued).
• Consequences large ghettos - concentrated
  impoverished neighborhoods, in many industrial
  cities.
• Sets off systematic underdevelopment of areas,
  lays foundation for urban riots and political
  movements of 1960s.
• In-Migration 1960s-present.
• Asian and Latino largely.
• 6.9 and 8.9 million respectively.
• Concentration has impact on political dynamics of
  cities.
• Miami and Cuban population as example.
• Demonstrates impact of city, and well organized
  ethnic group on national and international
  politics.
• Consequence of Cuban Revolution and aftermath.
• Scarface as interesting fictional representation
  of consequences.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Central American settlement.
• Another example of external events and
  consequences for American cities.
• Sanctuary movement example of parameters of urban
  autonomy - cities with own foreign policy.
• San Francisco, Los Angeles, extend protection to
  immigrants from Central American states.
• Open proclamation of lack of cooperation with
  federal law enforcement and intelligence
  authorities.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Effects of in-migration.
• Doughnut cities.
• Suburbs siphon off tax revenue from central city
  as out-migration occurs.
• Concentration of poverty.
• Ghettoes become de-linked from growth areas.
• Central city governments face resource
  limitations to deal with crime, unemployment,
  public health issues.
• Chicago Woodlawn and South Bronx as examples.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Postindustrial Metropolitan Development.
• Another layer of economic, technological,
  organizational innovation.
• Postindustrial according to OTA.
• Diffusion of business activity throughout
  metropolis.
• Residential growth in suburbs and exurbs.
• Revival of Central Business Districts (CBDs).
• Industrial/Manufacturing based neighborhoods
  continue to decline.
• Manufacturing declines.
• Service industries increase in importance.
• Factors that drive postindustrial development.
• Related to long term decline of importance of
  manufacturing to US economy. Example is
  continued loss of manufacturing jobs in current
  economic downturn.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Political Implications and Political Bias.
• Implications.
• Urban Growth is a political process.
• Urban growth increases size and scope of
  government.
• Urban growth requires government to mediate
  between conflicting actors.
• Bias.
• Privatism.
• Growing class segregation.
• Limited mobility of poor.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Ethnic-Based Politics.
• Organizing principle of American urban political
  dynamics.
• Huge impact on American political dynamics and
  local, state, and federal level.
• Lays foundations for machine politics.
• Examines specifically Irish, Italians, Jews, and
  Poles.
• 1840-1930 37 million immigrants - now 63 million
  descendents (approx. 22 US population).
• Chicago (Spinney 38-39).
• Irish, German, Swede, Norwegian.
• 1860 - Half Chicago 110,000 foreign born. 21,000
  German/20,000 Irish/2,200 Scandinavian.
• Three categories.
• 1) Mainstream 2) European Ethnic Minorities 3)
  Contemporary Urban Minorities.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Ethnic-Based Politics - Indigenous Power Bases.
• Irish.
• Institutional Base.
• Catholic Church.
• Democratic Party and Machines.
• Economic Base.
• Contruction, Real Estate Development.
• Churches, Schools, employment and entrepreneurial
  class.
• Politics patronage, contracts.
• Benefits of Strong Identity.
• Community based economy.
• Money stays in community.
• Politics as path for upward mobility.
• Cost.
• Insularity prevents broader development.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Ethnic-Based Politics - Indigenous Power Bases.
• Italian.
• Institutional Base.
• Kinship unit.
• Business Community.
• Organized Crime (also played a role in other
  ethnic groups).
• Economic Base.
• Business leaders mobilize capital.
• High savings rate help service industries,
  construction.
• Benefits of Strong Identity.
• Strong middle class, business community, and
  civil society.
• Cost.
• Trust across kinship lines difficult to
  establish.
• Organized crime and reputation.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Ethnic-Based Politics - Indigenous Power Bases.
• Jewish.
• Institutional Base.
• Synagogue, family, private organizations.
• Economic Base.
• Skilled labor small businesses.
• Emphasis on education creates large professional
  class.
• Benefits of Strong Identity.
• Independent of mainstream political machines.
• Participated in reform efforts.
• Cost.
• Success bred resentment.
• Religious and other barriers to assimilation.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Ethnic-Based Politics - Indigenous Power Bases.
• Polish.
• Institutional Base.
• Catholic Church.
• Polish Roman Catholic Union.
• Economic Base.
• Unskilled labor but timing of arrival produces
  large segment employed in manufacturing industry.
• Education and large professional/middle class.
• Benefits of Strong Identity.
• Benefits from machine based patronage.
• Cost.
• Assimilation and suburbanization make maintenance
  of community difficult.

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LIBS/POS/SOC 245 City and Citizenship02/18/2004

• Ethnic-Based Politics - Ethnic Networks as Trap.
• Limits to upward mobility based solely on ethnic
  networks.
• Irish as example.
• Patronage jobs low skill.
• Dependence on patronage rather than ability to
  integrate into/take advantage of overall economy.
• Next week.
• Machines and their legacy.