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IHS2022: Teaching Physical Geography Through Movies

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Title: IHS2022: Teaching Physical Geography Through Movies


1
IHS2022 Teaching Physical Geography Through
Movies
  • Tropical Cyclones and Global Warming

2
Outline
  • Tropical Cyclones
  • Real Life Occurrences
  • How to use movies?
  • Global Warming
  • Hollywood magic
  • The tragedy of commons
  • Bonus Materials

3
The Movie
HOW REAL IS THS TRUE STORY
4
Tropical Cyclones
5
Tropical Cyclones A revision
  • Known as hurricanes in West Indies, typhoons in
    South China Sea or simply cyclones generally.
  • The typhoon is a giant heat engine that derives
    its energy mainly through the transfer of
    sensible and latent heat from sea to air.

6
Tropical Cyclones
  • The whirling motion is due to the Coriolis effect
    and is most likely to form at 5 to 10 from the
    equator in late summer or early autumn.
  • Diameters vary from 150 to 1000 km. Some have
    small diameters of 30 km.

7
Features of a tropical cyclone
  • Isobars are concentric and closely spaced
  • Very low pressure at the centre
  • No fronts but the centre is the calm "eye" - 10
    to 50km in diameter where air is descending
  • Rainfall is evenly distributed, but torrential
  • Wind force - velocities increase towards the
    centre reaching a maximum at the outer edge of
    the eye (must reach 65 knots to be at hurricane
    force). Speeds can reach 130 knots or more .

8
Structure of a tropical cyclone
9
Highly Destructive
                                           This
aerial view shows the destruction of boats and
pier sheds by a hurricane at New London, Conn.,
Sept. 22, 1938. The hurricane swept the North
Atlantic seabord Sept. 21, leaving damages
estimated at 4,000,000.
10
A sailboat is seen on a pier in front of a Coast
Guard Cutter which was also washed up by winds
and surf from Hurricane Marilyn, Sunday, Sept.
17, 1995 in St. Thomas. John and Bonnie Honer had
been living in the saiboat and took shelter at a
local hotel before Hurricane Marilyn hit early
Saturday. They painted "Kids, We'R OK Send Money
M D" on the side of their yacht hoping their
children in the U.S. will not worry. One of the
Honer's sons is in California. St. Thomas was one
of the worst-hit Caribbean islands by the
hurricane.
11
                   Trees lay in the road after
being felled by high winds from Hurricane Frances
04 September 2004 in Lantana, Fl in Palm Beach
County.
12
                                Richard Feinberg
and Janna Barbary walk with their dogs September
4, 2004 in Melbourne, Florida. Hurricane Frances
is a slow moving category 2 hurricane that is
expected to affect Florida for days.
13
                                        This
satellite image released by the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 03
September, 2004, shows Hurricane Frances as it is
headed for the Florida east coast. The Category
Three storm was 320kms (200 miles) from the
Florida coast and just off the southern tip of
the Bahamian island of Great Abaco. As Nassau
braced for the full force of the hurricane, it
experienced powerful gusts that peaked at 140kph
(86mph) per hour, according to forecasters. The
storm is forecast to reach Florida 04 September.
14
Then IVAN. the terrible
  • http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan_(2004)

15
Hurricane Ivan
  • Hurricane Ivan is the fifth hurricane of the 2004
    Atlantic hurricane season. Ivan is a Cape
    Verde-type hurricane that reached "unprecedented"
    intensity at low latitudes, peaking at 135 mph
    (215 km/h), making it a Category 4 Hurricane at
    only 10.6 N.
  • After briefly being downgraded to Category 3
    intensity, Ivan struck Grenada directly on
    mid-day September 7 with Category 3 winds. It
    travelled across the Caribbean Sea, reaching
    Category 5 intensity before passing close to the
    Jamaican coast and Grand Cayman and crossing the
    western tip of Cuba. After moving into the
    eastern gulf its strength lessened to a Category
    4, and it continued on a track towards the
    north-northwest, making landfall in the U.S. near
    Gulf Shores, Alabama.
  • As Ivan approached landfall, Florida Lt. Governor
    Toni Jennings described it as "the size of
    Frances but with the impact of Charley."1
    (http//www.cnn.com/2004/WEATHER/09/16/hurricane.i
    van/index.html)
  • After landfall, Ivan moved north and then turned
    east, bringing heavy rainfall to large areas of
    the south-eastern United States. The wind
    strength weakened steadily and it lost its last
    tropical characteristics on September 18 while
    crossing Virginia.

16
Hurricane Katrina
  • http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_katrina
  • Katrina grazed by New Orleans, Louisiana and made
    landfall in Biloxi, Mississippi in the early
    morning hours of August 29, 2005. The hurricane
    is believed to have killed thousands of people,
    and is known to have displaced more than one
    million a humanitarian crisis on a scale unseen
    in the U.S. since the American Civil War.

17
Names for Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclones

18
Hurricane Animations
  • Hurricane 101
  • http//html.orlandoweather.com/sh/idi/weather/hur
    ricanes/
  • Atlantic Hurricane Tracker
  • http//www.nhc.noaa.gov/

19
Formation of Tropical Cyclone
20
The Perfect Storm
  • This was a meteorological abnormality in that
    this nor'easter met up with the remnants of a
    hurricane and the storm retrograded, or began to
    move backward to the south and west. This storm
    then meandered in circle several hundred miles
    offshore. It continued to hurl huge waves at the
    shores from Puerto Rico to Maine. Winds topped
    100 miles over the Ocean. Nearly 750,000 sq.
    miles of ocean experienced gale force winds or
    more. Average wave height as registered by buoys
    was 50ft. with rogue waves up to 100 feet.
    Insured damage was listed at 168 million.
    President George Bush's summer home in
    Kennebunkport was damaged too.

21
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22
Lets check out the movies
  • Look at the clips taken from the movie and
    discuss how you would like to use them to make
    learning tropical cyclones more meaningful.

23
The EYE
How strong are the winds here?
The rain bands
The rain bands
How strong is the wind here?
Conditions here
24
D Grade for its SCIENCE
25
The synopsis
  • This is the question that haunts climatologist
    Jack Hall (Dennis Quaid). Hall's research
    indicates that global warming could trigger an
    abrupt and catastrophic shift in the planet's
    climate. The ice cores that he's drilled in
    Antarctica show that it happened before, ten
    thousand years ago. And now he's warning
    officials that it could happen again if they
    don't act soon. But his warning comes too late.
  • It all begins when Hall witnesses a piece of ice
    the size of Rhode Island break off the Antarctic
    Ice Shelf. Then a series of increasingly severe
    weather events start to unfold around the globe
    hail the size of grapefruit batters Tokyo,
    record-breaking hurricane winds pound Hawaii
    snow falls in New Delhi, and then a devastating
    series of tornadoes whips through Los Angeles.

26
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27
How Global Warming may Cause the Next Ice Age
  • http//www.crawford2000.co.uk/iceage.htm

28
Elements that can be used
  • Larsen Ice Shelf B
  • North Atlantic Current
  • Glacial Maximum
  • Impacts of Climate Change
  • International Efforts in Climate Change

29
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30
Reasons for the Collapses of Larsen B Ice Shelf
in Antarctica
  • Strong climate warming in the region
  • The incremental rate of warming is approximately
    0.5 degrees Celsius per decade
  • The relation between ice-shelf viability and
    meltwater ponds
  • Depending on the internal strength of the ice,
    water-filled crevasses as shallow as 15 feet
    could fracture through a 660-foot-thick ice
    shelf.

31
Reasons for the Collapses of Larsen B Ice Shelf
in Antarctica
Flow Chart of how climate warming leads to the
collapses
More ice on Antarctica ice shelves melt into
standing water ponds
Warmer surface temperatures during summers
Leak into cracks and crevasses
Crack ice shelves causing portions to float away
and eventually melt.
Increase in pressure
Enlarges the cracks and crevasses
32
In the movie
  • A dramatized version of the breaking ice shelf.
  • Lets examine the real breaking off.

33
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34
31 Jan 2002
  • Sequence of events
  • 2
  • 4
  • 5

5 Mar 2002
35
     Edge parallel crevasses indicate future
calving. Photo courtesy of S. Tojeiro, Fuerza
Aerea Argentina, 13 March 2002.
36
View from east to west nunataks Grey, Bruce, and
Bull. Photo courtesy of Pedro Skvarca, Instituto
Antártico Argentino, 13 March 2002.
37
Photo from the deck of the British Research
vessel, "James Clark Ross" on or about 8 March
2002. The bergs in the background are about 25 m
high. Photo courtesy of Keith Nicholls, British
Antarctic Survey.
38
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39
How much was lost?
  • Just how much ice is that?
  • area of ice lost in 2002
  • 3275 square kilometers
  • volume of ice lost
  • 720 cubic kilometers
  • 0.0024 of all Antarctic ice
  • handy scales of reference
  • 29 trillion bags of party ice

40
Consequences
  • The Landsat images show the Hektoria Glacier
    before the collapse (January 2001), just after
    the collapse (April 2002), and almost one year
    later (February 2003).
  • Glacier has now sped up
  • Thinning Ice cover
  • Increase Ice Cover

41
How do we use these footages?
  • Bring about an awareness of the consequences of
    Global Warming?
  • Explain that global warming cause some weather
    extremes and hence affect local climate Larsen
    B as an example.

42
The north Atlantic current
  • The North Atlantic drift is a warm current that
    continues the Gulf stream northeast. It splits
    into two west of the British Isles. One branch
    (the Canary current) goes south while the other
    continues north along the coast of northwestern
    Europe where it has a considerable warming
    influence on the climate.
  • Role of N Atlantic Current in Global Warming and
    Ice Age??
  • What did the movie say?

43
What happened in the past?
  • Younger Dryas - due to the melting of ice caps
    in the post-Ice Age warming period. As the ice
    crept back towards the polar regions of North
    America, the course of the meltwater began to
    change. Eventually the point was reached when
    large quantities of glacial meltwater suddenly
    started flooding into the seas around
    Newfoundland6. Fresh water and seawater do not
    mix well, and it is believed that the fresh water
    from the melting glaciers interrupted the motion
    of the North Atlantic Drift, the huge current of
    water in the Atlantic Ocean which brings
    temperate conditions to Europe.
  • The subsequent cooling occurred incredibly
    quickly - going from mild to freezing cold in no
    more than a decade or two. It appears as if the
    world's climate flipped suddenly over to a new
    stable pattern, and 1300 years later it flipped
    quickly back to temperate conditions for reasons
    not yet fully explained.

44
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45
  • Northward flowing currents in Southern Ocean
    removes heat
  • Adds heat to N. Atlantic
  • Suggests that even distant millennial-scale
    oscillation
  • Can be driven by N. Atlantic
  • As a response to changes in North Atlantic Deep
    Water (NADW) formation
  • Response to this forcing can be different in
    different environments
  • Can be even opposite

46
  • During times of NADW formation
  • Ice melting dilutes salinity of N. Atlantic
  • Eventually slowing or stopping NADW formation
  • When NADW does not form
  • Less salt removed and little heat transported
    north
  • Ice sheets stop melting
  • N. Atlantic gets salty and NADW starts to form
    again

47
If an ice age forms
  • Would it be like the situation in the moive?
  • How far did ice extend during the last Glacial
    maximum 18000 years ago?

48
Glacial Maximum
  • By 18,000 BP, the ice sheet had spread as far
    south as northern Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and
    Illinois.
  • This was known as the glacial maximum
  • In the movie, it looks like this.

49
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50
Impacts of Climate Change
  • Global warming may increase the volume of the sea
    and cause slight sea level rise.
  • But the predicted rise in sea level by 2030 may
    not be greater than 50 cm.
  • Global warming may also cause an ice-age.
  • Milder winters and summers, extend snowfall but
    delay thawing.

51
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52
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53
Impacts
  • Change precipitation and other local climate
    conditions
  • Changing regional climate could alter forests,
    crop yields, and water supplies.
  • Threaten human health, and harm birds, fish, and
    many types of ecosystems.
  • Deserts may expand

54
In Summary the impacts include
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere/Cryosphere
  • Tropical cyclone
  • Heat and cold wave
  • Hail, windstorm
  • Air pollution
  • Heat islands
  • Water quality
  • Permafrost melting
  • Water shortage
  • Sea-level rise
  • Flooding, landslides
  • Fires
  • Agriculture/forestry/fisheries/productivity

Lithosphere
Biosphere
55
Example of Impact for Asia
56
Whats the world doing?
  • Kyoto Protocol!
  • Whos signed? Who hasnt?
  • Lets watch a clip from the movie

57
The Convention on Climate Change What does it
say?
  • The United Nations Framework Convention on
    Climate Change is the first binding international
    legal instrument that deals directly with climate
    change. The Convention was adopted on 9 May 1992.
  • The Convention's ultimate objective is the
    "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations
    in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
    dangerous anthropogenic interference with the
    climate system."

58
Kyoto Protocol
  • The Kyoto Protocol is a document signed by about
    180 countries at Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997.
  • The protocol commits 38 industrialized countries
    to cut their emissions of greenhouse gases
    between 2008 to 2012 to levels that are 5.2 per
    cent below 1990 levels.

59
UNFCCC and Kyoto
  • The United Nations Framework Convention on
    Climate Change signed in Rio in 1992 established
    broad guidelines for climate change policy but
    only legal obligation was to report emissions by
    country
  • The Kyoto protocol established mandatory, phased
    emission reduction targets to below 1990 levels
    but only for industrialized (Annex I) countries
  • Is Singapore a signatory??

60
What can you do?
  • http//www.sec.org.sg
  • http//www.street-directory.com/sec/

61
Bonus Materials!
  • You can use other movies such as those by BRIAN
    POP to augment your teaching resources!!

62
What has it been so far
  • Using movies to think about how we can better
    teach Physical Geography
  • Resources that differentiate between real life
    Geography and Hollywood Geography
  • Learnt something new about Physical Geography
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