Chapter 9: The Architectural Pattern of an Animal

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Chapter 9 The Architectural Pattern of an Animal
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Chapter 10 Classification and Phylogeny of
Animals
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Who was the first person to classify animals?
Aristotle, Greek Philosopher, 384-322 B.C.
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Who was Carolus Linnaeus? What did he do?
Carolus Linnaeus, developed the modern
classification system for living things and
binomial nomenclature (Genus species such as
Homo sapiens).
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Hierarchy and Taxon

• What is a hierarchy?
• Arranging organisms in groups from the most
  inclusive to the least inclusive
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
• Species
• What is a taxon?
• Any taxonomic group or entity

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Binomial Nomenclature

• Examples of binomial nomenclature
• Homo sapiens
• Holocanthus ciliaris
• Centropyge loriculus
• Scutigera coleoptrata
• Canis familiaris
• Felis domesticus
• Ginko biloba

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Phylogeny, clade and outgroup

• Phylogeny
• The origin and diversification of any taxon.
• Clade
• A taxon or ancestral group consisting of an
  ancestral species and all its decendants, forming
  a distinct branch on a phylogenetic tree.
• Outgroup
• A species or group of species closely related to
  but NOT included within a taxon whose phylogeny
  is being studied, and used to polarize variation
  of characters and to root the phylogenetic tree

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Species

• Species
• A group of interbreeding individuals of common
  ancestry that are reproductively isolated from
  all other such groups in their natural habitat.
• A taxonomic unit ranking below genus and
  designated by a binomen consisting of its genus
  and the species name
• Exp. The human species is Homo sapiens not
  sapiens, that is the specific epithet

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Criteria for recognizing a species

• Common descent
• Smallest distinct groupings
• Reproductive community

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Typological Species Concept

• A species is considered a distinct and immutable
  entity. Species are defined by fixed, essential
  features (usually morphological) that were
  interpreted as a divinely created pattern or
  archetype.
• Type specimens were used.

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Biological Species Concept

• A species is a reproductive community of
  populations (reproductively isolated from others)
  that occupies a specific niche in nature.
• Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr (1982)

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Major subdivisions of the animal kingdom

• Branch A (Mesozoa), phlum mesozoa
• Branch B (Parazoa), phylum Porifera sponges
  and phylum Placozoa
• Branch C (Eumetazoa), all other phyla
• Grade 1 (Radiata) phylum Cnidaria, Ctenophora
• Grade 2 (Bilateria) all other phyla
• Division A (Protostomia)
• Aceolomates phyla platyhelminthes,
  Gnathostomulida, Nemertea

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Major Subdivisions of the animal kingdom continued

• Division A (protostomia) continued
• Pseudocoelomates phyla
• Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Kinorhyncha, Nematoda,
  Acathocephala, Entoprocta, Priapulida, Loricifera
• Eucoelomates phyla
• Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echiurida,
  Sipunculida, Tardigrada, Pentastomida,
  Onychophora, Pogonophora
• Division B (Deuterostomia) Phyla
• Phoronida, Ectoprocta, Chaetognatha, Brachiopoda,
  Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata

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Eumetazoan! (true tissues)
Mammal!
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum
Vertebrata Class Mammalia Order Primate Family
Hominidae Genus Homo Species (specific epithet)
Sapiens Subspecies Sapiens
Euceolomate (or just ceolomate) has a true body
cavity, lined on all sides by mesoderm
David Doty
Jillian Doty
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How to write a scientific name

• Homo sapiens sapiens
• Gramma loreto
• Zebrasoma flavesenes

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Chapter 40 Animal Ecology
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Hierarchy of Ecology

• Individual
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biosphere

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What do all organisms need?

• Food, air, water, shelter, mates, minerals, etc.
• We call these RESOURCES!
• Sometimes certain resources are less abundant
  than others. These are called limiting resources.
• Exp. Water in a desert.

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What is a niche?

• A niche is the job an organism does in its
  environment.
• Examples
• Lion top predator
• Rat omnivore
• Cat low trophic level predator
• Ant omnivore
• A fundamental niche is the job an organism could
  do in its environment, a realized niche is the
  actual job it does.

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Population and Deme

• Population A group of the same species.
• Exp. A population of white tailed deer, but NOT a
  population of mule deer and white tailed deer
  (that would be a community).
• Deme A local population of closely related
  animals.
• Exp. Black squirrels in Berkley.
• Demes have the following characteristics
• Age structure, sex ratio, and growth rate

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Survivorship Curve
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What is competition? Why do organsims compete?

• What is competition?
• Organisms trying to get X resource, sometimes at
  the expense of other organisms, but always at the
  reduced fitness of both species.
• Why do organisms compete?
• To get resources for survival and to improve
  their chances at reproduction.

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Character Displacement

• Partitioning a shared resources and using
  different portions of it.
• Example Four different species of bird living in
  one tree, but at different heights, and feeding
  at those heights as well.

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Predators and Parasites

• Predators eat their prey, such as lions,
• mantids, sharks etc.
• Parasites live on their host (prey), such as
• fleas, tapeworms, flukes, plasmodium (causes
  malaria), etc.

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Symbiosis

• Symbiosis Two organisms living in close
  proximity that rely upon each other to some
  extent.
• Parasitism One benefits the other harmed
• Flea and Dog, tapeworm and you
• Commensalism One benefits the other neither
  harmed nor helped
• Remora and Shark
• Mutualism Both organisms benefit
• Cleaner shrimp and cleaned fish

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Mimicry

• Mimicry Appearing as another organism to benefit
  from the other organisms defenses.
• Exp. Monarch butterflies and Viceroys, Cuckoo
  wasp and Yellowjacket
• Two types of mimicry Batesian (one organism is
  harmful, the other is not) and Mullerian, both
  are harmful

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Keystone Species

• When the influence of one population on others is
  so pervasive that its absence drastically changes
  the character of the entire community.
• Exp. Seastar Pisaster, alligator, elephant

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What makes up an ecosystem?

• All the biotic and abiotic factors in a given
  area and their interactions.
• Biotic living
• Abiotic non living

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Energy Budget of an Animal

• Gross productivity total energy assimilated.
  (gross pay)
• Net productivity Energy stored in an organisms
  tissues (take home pay)
• Respiration The energy required for metabolic
  maintenance. (deductions from your check, which
  are always annoying!)
• Biomass The energy available for growth and
  reproduction
• (energy budget of an animal equation)
• Pn Pg R

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