Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral

1
Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral?
Interest Grabber
Section 21-1

• Have you ever eaten mushrooms? Perhaps you have
  seen them growing from the ground in a forest or
  yard. Perhaps you have seen them for sale in a
  supermarket.

1. What are some things that you know about
mushrooms? 2. Would you classify mushrooms as
an animal, a plant, or something else? Give
reasons for your answer.
2
Section Outline
Section 21-1

• 211 The Kingdom Fungi
• A. What Are Fungi?
• B. Structure and Function of Fungi
• C. Reproduction in Fungi
• D. How Fungi Spread

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The Kingdom Fungi (100,000 Species)

• Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell
  walls.
• -Cell walls are made of chitin, a complex
  carbohydrate that is also found in the external
  skeletons of insects.
• -Fungi digest their food outside their bodies and
  then absorb it.
• -Many fungi feed by absorbing nutrients from
  decaying matter in the soil.
• -Some live as parasites, absorbing nutrients from
  the bodies of their hosts.

• Structure
• - All fungi are multicellular, with the exception
  of yeast.
• -Multicellular fungi are composed of hyphae, one
  cell thick filaments.
• -Cross walls divide the hyphae into cells
  containing one or two nuclei. In cross walls,
  there are tiny openings through which cytoplasm
  and nuclei can move.

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Hyphae Structure
Section 21-1
Hyphae Without Cross Walls
Hyphae With Cross Walls
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Composition
Fairy Ring

• The bodies of multicellular fungi are composed of
  many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass
  called a mycelium.
• Plural mycelia
• Well suited to absorb food because it permits a
  large surface area to come in contact with the
  food source.
• A fruiting body is a reproductive structure
  growing from the mycelium below it.
• The mycelium can live for many years and grow to
  an enormous size.

http//web.utk.edu/extepp/profiles/OT/turfgrass/d
iseases/turf-dis.htm
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Figure 21-2 The Structure of a Mushroom
Section 21-1
Fruiting body
Hyphae
Mycelium
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Reproduction

• Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually.
• Asexually
• Cells or hyphae break off from a fungus and begin
  to grow on their own.
• Produce spores, scatter and grow into new
  organisms.
• - Spores may be produced in structures
  called sporangia that are found on the tips of
  specialized hyphae called sporangiophores.

• Sexual
• -Two mating types ( and -) that are about the
  same size.
• -Hyphae of different mating types meet and fuse
  as two nuclei come together forming a diploid
  zygote.
• -The diploid nucleus goes through meiosis,
  completing the sexual phase of its life cycle by
  producing haploid spores.

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How Fungi Spread

• Scatter by wind
• Attract animals
• Use of insects
• Spores need proper conditions to germinate.
• - 1 in a 1,000,000,000 chance.

http//www.bbc.co.uk/oxford/pictures/visions_scien
ce/pop_up_01.shtml
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Fungi and You
Interest Grabber
Section 21-2

• Believe it or not, fungi play an important role
  in your life. The bread you eat, the salad you
  make, and the medicine that you take when you are
  sick may include various types of fungi.

1. List as many examples of fungi that you
can. 2. How are fungi helpful to humans? 3. How
are fungi harmful to humans?
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Section Outline
Section 21-2

• 212 Classification of Fungi
• A. The Common Molds
• 1. Structure and Function of Bread Mold
• 2. Life Cycle of Molds
• B. The Sac Fungi
• 1. Life Cycle of Sac Fungi
• 2. Yeasts
• C. The Club Fungi
• 1. Life Cycle of Club Fungi
• 2. Diversity of Club Fungi
• 3. Edible and Inedible Mushrooms
• D. The Imperfect Fungi

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Concept Map
Section 21-2
Fungi
are divided into the phyla
includes
includes
includes
includes
Common molds
Sac fungi
Club fungi
Imperfect fungi
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The Common Molds

• Sexual Phase
• -Hyphae from different mating types (,-) fuse to
  produce gametangia (gamete forming structures).
• -The N structures from a 2N zygote.
• -The zygotes form zygospores, which are a thick
  walled resting spore.
• -When conditions are right the zygospore
  germinates, goes through meiosis and haploid
  spores are released.

• Phylum Zygomycota (Form zygospores)
• Also called zygomycetes
• Hyphae generally lack cross walls.
• Rhizoids are rootlike hyphae that anchor the
  fungus, release digestive enzymes, and absorb
  digested organic material.
• Stolons are stemlike hyphae that run along the
  surface.
• Sporangiaphores are hyphae that form sporangia at
  their tips.
• The sporangia produce N spores for asexual
  reproduction.

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Figure 21-5 The Life Cycle of Rhizopus
Section 21-2
FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Diploid Haploid
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The Sac Fungi (30,000 Species)

• Phylum Ascomycota (Form ascus)
• Examples Yeast and Cup Fungi
• Asexual Reproduction
• Tiny spores called conidia are formed on the tips
  of specialized hyphae called connidiophores.
  When the conidia land in the correct environment
  they form a mycelium.
• Sexual Reproduction
• -Haploid (N) hyphae of two mating types (,-)
  grow close together.
• The NN hyphae produce a fruiting body.
• The gametangia of the two mating types fuse, but
  the haploid nuclei do not fuse.

• This produces hyphae with NN nuclei.
• The ascus forms within the fruiting body.
• In the ascus the (NN) nuclei fuse to form a 2N
  zygote.
• The zygote divides by meiosis to produce 4
  haploid cells.
• The four haploid cells go through mitosis and
  produce a total of 8 haploid ascospores.
• In favorable conditions the ascospore can
  germinate and produce a haploid mycelium.

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Figure 21-7 The Life Cycle of an Ascomycete
Section 21-2
Diploid Haploid
FERTILIZATION
HYPHAE FUSE
MEIOSIS
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
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Yeast
Budding

• Yeasts are unicellular fungi.
• Form asci with ascospores during the sexual phase
  of their life cycle.
• The go thru a process of asexual reproduction
  called budding.
• Use alcohol fermentation to obtain energy.
• Uses
• -Baking
• -Brewing

http//www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/video/Candida.html
Fermentation
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The Club Fungi

• Phylum Basidiomycota (Form bascidium a spore
  bearing structure.)
• Life Cycle
• -A haploid basidiospore germinates to produce a
  haploid primary mycelium.
• -The mycelium of different mating types fuse to
  produce secondary mycelium.
• -The cells contain haploid nuclei of each mating
  type (NN).
• -When conditions are right, spore producing
  fruiting bodies push above ground.
• -The hyphae form a button at the soils surface.
• -The button forms a fruiting body very rapidly.
  The cells enlarge by taking in water.

• -The cap opens and contains hundreds of gills.
  Each gill also contains basidia (spore baring
  structures).
• -Two nuclei in each basidium fuse (fertilization)
  to form a diploid zygote cell.
• -The 2N zygote cell goes through meiosis
  producing haploid basidiospores.
• -The basidiospores scatter.
• Mushroom billions of spores
• Puffball trillions of spores

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Figure 21-8 The Life Cycle of a Basidiomycete
Section 21-2
FERTILIZATION
HYPHAE FUSE
Haploid Diploid
MEIOSIS
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Diversity of Club Fungi

• Club Fungi are extremely diverse in their
  appearance and chemical make up.
• -Many are poisonous.
• -Some are edible
• Never pick or eat any mushroom found in the
  wild.

http//www.cinenet.net/users/velosa/thumbnails.htm
l.
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The Imperfect Fungi (do not appear to have sexual
reproduction)

• Phylum Deuteromycota
• Deuteromycota is an extremely varied phylum. It
  is composed of those fungi that are not placed in
  the other phyla because researchers have never
  been able to observe a sexual phase in their life
  cycle.
• Penicillium notatum antibiotic
• -Reproduces asexually by means of conidia (tiny
  fungal spores)
• -Scientist believe that Penicillium evolved from
  an asomycete.

http//www.botany.utoronto.ca/ResearchLabs/Malloch
Lab/Malloch/Moulds/Penicillium.html
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Which Fungi Are They?
Interest Grabber
Section 21-3

• You may recall that decomposers break down the
  remains of other organisms. Parasites are
  organisms that harm other organisms while living
  on or within them. Some live in close contact and
  form a mutually beneficial association with other
  species.

22
Interest Grabber continued
Section 21-3
Classify each of the following fungi as
decomposers, parasites, or organisms that live in
a mutually beneficial relationship with another
species.

• 1. A network of fungi covers the roots of fir
  trees. The trees provide the fungi with food, and
  the fungi help the tree roots absorb water.
• 2. Fungi living on growing corn stalks destroy
  corn kernels.
• 3. Mushrooms growing on a fallen log obtain food
  from the decaying wood.

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Section Outline
Section 21-3

• 213 Ecology of Fungi
• A. All Fungi Are Heterotrophs
• B. Fungi as Decomposers
• C. Fungi as Parasites
• 1. Plant Diseases
• 2. Human Diseases
• 3. Other Animal Diseases
• D. Symbiotic Relationships
• 1. Lichens
• 2. Mycorrhizae

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Ecology of Fungi

• Fungi play an essential role in maintaining
  equilibrium in nearly every ecosystem, where they
  recycle nutrients by breaking down the bodies and
  wastes of other organisms.
• Fungi release digestive enzymes (produced in the
  mycelia) that break down materials into simple
  molecules. These molecules diffuse into the
  fungus.

• All fungi are heterotrophs
• Can not move to capture food
• Mycelia can grow into the tissue of cells of
  plants and other organisms.
• Many are saprobes (Organisms that obtain food
  from decaying organic matter.)
• Some are parasites, which harm other organisms
  while living on or within them.
• Others are symbionts that live in close and
  mutually beneficial association with other
  species.

http//decomposers.tripod.com/woodfungi.htm
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Fungi as Parasites
Fungi as Parasites Plants

• Plant Disease
• -Corn Smut destroys corn kernels
• -Mildews
• -Wheat rust needs two different plants to go
  through its life cycle. Spores are produced on
  the barberry plant and carried by wind to the
  wheat plants. The spores germinate and infect
  wheat plants. The rust patches produce a second
  type of spore that effects other wheat plants.
  It then produces tough spores that can survive
  the winter and infect barberry plants the
  following year.

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Fungi as ParasitesHuman and Animal

• Cordyceps infects insects when microscopic
  spores become lodged in the organism. The spore
  germinates and produces enzymes that break down
  the organism.

• -Athletes foot (Epidermophyton floccosum) the
  mycelium forms directly under the outer layers of
  skin. Ring worm is caused by the same fungus as
  athletes foot.
• -Candida albicans a yeast, grows in moist
  regions of the body and is usually kept in
  control by bacteria and the immune system. If
  the balance is changed Candida can cause thrush,
  a painful mouth infection.

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Symbiotic Relationship
Lichens

• Some fungi form symbiotic relationships in which
  both partners benefit.
• Lichens are symbiotic associations between a
  fungus and a photosynthetic organism.
• -Fungi is usually ascomycetes, but few are
  basidiomycetes.
• -Photosynthetic organism is either green algae or
  cyanobacteria, or both.
• Lichens are extremely resistant. The
  photosynthetic organism provides the fungus with
  a source of energy, while the fungus provides the
  photosynthetic organism with water and nutrients.
  
• -Break down rock
• -Sensitive to air pollution

http//rosswarner.com/lichens.html
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Lichen Structure
Section 21-3
Densely packed hyphae
Layer of algae/ cyanobacteria
Loosely packed hyphae
Densely packed hyphae
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Mycorrhizae

• Mycorrhizae is a mutualistic relationship between
  fungi and plant roots.
• 80 of all plant species form a mycorrhizae with
  fungi.
• The hyphae of the fungi aid plants in absorbing
  water and minerals. They do this by producing a
  network that covers the roots of the plants and
  increases the effective surface area of the root
  system.
• The fungi also release enzymes that free
  nutrients in the soil.
• The plants provide the fungi with the products of
  photosynthesis.

The green and orange arrows point to two
different ectomycorrhizae, while the blue arrow
shows an uninfected part of the root.
http//mercury.bio.uaf.edu/lee_taylor/HTML_Pages/
Kelley_Calhoun_Page.htm
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Video 1
Video
Fungi

• Click the image to play the video segment.

31
Internet
Go Online

• Interactive test
• Articles on fungi
• For links on fungi go to www.SciLinks.org and
  enter the Web Code as follows cbn-6211.
• For links on asexual reproduction, go to
  www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as
  follows cbn-6212.

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Section 1 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
1. What are some things that you know about
mushrooms? Possible answers Mushrooms grow
from the soil in dark, damp places. They are
eaten by animals, including people. They are
soft. 2. Would you classify mushrooms as an
animal, a plant, or something else? Give reasons
for your answer. Students will likely say that
mushrooms should be classified as something other
than plants or animals. Possible reasons
Mushrooms grow in soil, as plants do, but they
arent green. Mushrooms arent animals because
they dont move from place to place as animals
do.
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Section 2 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
1. List as many examples of fungi that you
can. Mushrooms, mold, yeast, mildew,
truffles 2. How are fungi helpful to
humans? They are sources of food and are used in
making bread, wine, and medicines. 3. How are
fungi harmful to humans? Some are poisonous and
can cause illness or death.
34
Section 3 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers

• Classify each of the following fungi as
  decomposers, parasites, or organisms that live in
  a mutually beneficial relationship with another
  species.
• 1. A network of fungi covers the roots of fir
  trees. The trees provide the fungi with food,
  and the fungi help the tree roots absorb water.
• Organisms that live in a mutually beneficial
  relationship with another species
• 2. Fungi living on growing corn stalks destroy
  corn kernels.
• Parasites
• 3. Mushrooms growing on a fallen log obtain food
  from the decaying wood.
• Decomposers

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