Design for Sustainable Systems

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Design for Sustainable Systems A Synthesis of
Art, Engineering, Ecology James
Patchett, President Conservation Design Forum,
Inc. Elmhurst, Illinois February 4, 2004
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Glacial Advances in the Upper Midwest
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The Glacial and Landform History of Iowa and the
Midwest
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Native Plant Root Structure
Soil Cross Section
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Understanding the Physical Cultural Realities
of Place

• Light Energy Water The Two Resources that
  Sustain all Life
• Every Place is Unique, and Contains its Own Set
  of Physical Cultural Governing Laws

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Historical Patterns of Hydrology
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Wetlands and Groundwater in the United States
Stone Stone
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Bluff Spring Fens Elgin, Illinois
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Normal streamflow in late Winter
Stream conditions in major rainfall event
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Floodwaters from Poplar Creek
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Water in Contemporary Urban, Suburban Rural
Environments
Traditional Stormwater Management Approach
Collect and convey water away from the site just
as quickly and efficiently as the law will allow
through enclosed storm sewer systems designed
with concentrated points of discharge that
generate a velocity and volume of flow that is
nearly impossible to mitigate.
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Reversed Hydrological pattern
Contemporary vs. Historical Patterns of Hydrology
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Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission
PRE-DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPED W/O DETENTION
DEVELOPED W/ DETENTION
ADDITIONAL VOLUME OF RUNOFF
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We blame it on too much rain
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Collapse of Infrastructure
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Severe Erosion of Stream and River Systems Caused
by Excessive Runoff
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Sedimentation loss of base flow throughout the
watershed to sustain hydrology of streams and
rivers in dry periods
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Algonkian Speaking People

• Eastern Ojibwa, Chippewa, Ottawa
• Fire shkode
• Prairie mshkode
• Western Algonkian Tribes
• Fire ashcota or shcota
• Prairie mushcota or mus-quo-ta
• Mascoutens The People of the Fire

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The Old People Say

• Before we became known as the Ioway our
  brothers the Otoes called us the Ba-ho-ja
  because, when once they saw us, it was winter and
  our dwellings were gray with fire-smoked snow,
  and that our name thus means gray snow covered.
• We have called ourselves Pa-ho-dje, which we say
  means gray snow.
• The Ioway Indians Martha Royce Blaine

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Contemporary Conditions Generate Runoff Erosion
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State Historical Society of Wisconsin
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So Now What Do We Do?
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Promote Watershed Scale Sustainable Land Use and
Integrated Water Resource Management In Contrast
to Conventional Stormwater Management Approaches,
Sustainable Water Resource Management
Strategies Capture rainfall, diffuse flow,
cleanse, and absorb on-site, thus restoring
historically stable patterns of groundwater
dominated hydrology.
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TREAT WATER AS A RESOURCE -NOT A WASTE PRODUCT

• Restore Groundwater Dominated Hydrology
• Minimize Impervious Surfaces
• Avoid Concentrated Points of Discharge
  Diffuse Absorb
• Capture Infiltrate Runoff Onsite - Uplands
  Most Effective
• Preserve Natural Drainage Features Systems
• Avoid Soil Disruption Restore Soil Health
• AVOID SOIL COMPACTION !!!
• Celebrate Water as a Precious Resource

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1. Promote the Preservation and Ecological
Restoration of Critical Remnant Native Landscape
Systems
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Restoration of Wetland, Prairie, Woodland
Systems that Still Contain a Remnant Plant and
Seed Bank
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Snyder Heritage Farm Polk County, Iowa Photo
Carl Kurtz
Danada Forest Preserve Naperville, IL
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• 2. Promote the Integration of Native Landscape
  Systems into Contemporary Urban, Suburban,
  Rural Environments

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Before
After
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Before
After
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Before
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Integrated Conservation Design Strategies
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Dunes Country - Porter, IN.
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Town and Community Planning
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3. Incorporate Infiltration-Based Infrastructure
Design Measures START AT THE TOP - LITERALLY
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Promote Urban Ecology Through the Use of
Green Roof Systems Rooftop Gardens
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DROUGHT TOLERANT VEG
WHERE DOES THE RAINWATER GO? 1.) PLANT ZONE
UPTAKE 2.) FLOW THROUGH DRAINAGE MEDIA 3.)
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION /- 70 (ZINCO) 4.) UNDERFLOW
TO CISTERN, RAINWATER GARDEN, URBAN STORM
SEWER / 30
WIND PROTECTION BLANKET
GROWING MEDUIM
DRAINAGE MEDIUM
DRAINAGE
MEDIA SEPARATOR
WATER PROOFING ROOT BARRIER
GREEN ROOF CROSS SECTION
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Typical Green Roof Cross Section Two layer
system 1) Growing media layer, 2) Drainage layer
Growing medium
Media separator
Aggregate drainage layer
Drainage/retention board
Water proofing
Roof slab

• Other green roof components (not shown above)
• Insulation
• Protection layer
• Wind protection blanket

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Extensive (green roof)
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Large Scale Green Roofs
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Sloped green roofs
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University research on vegetable production,
Europe
Corporate rooftop golf links, Europe
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COMPARING ROOFTOP SURFACES
MECHANICAL
1) URBAN HEAT ISLAND INITIATIVE PILOT PROJECT
FINAL REPORT J.T. KATRAKIS ASSOCIATES,
5-19-99 2) LONDON ECOLOGY UNIT, 1993 3)
NASA STUDY PROJECT ATLANTA, 1996 4) DR. MARTIN
PRICE, 1997 5) R. KAPLAN, THE ROLE OF NATURE IN
THE CONTEXT OF THE WORKPLACE, '93 T. HERZOG,
RESTORATIVE ENVIRONMENTS 6) NUMBEROUS STUDIES IN
EURPOPE
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Intensive (roof garden)
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Monitored runoff reductions on a green roof
systems
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Chicago City Hall 1999
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Waterproofing, root protection, drainage,
insulation
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Insulation effects and benefits
Reduction of urban heat island effect Example
Chicago City Hall August 9, 2001, at 145 pm,
when the temperature was in the 90's, the
following measurements were obtained
Measured temperature over standard roof 169F
Measured temperature over green roof 91-119F
Temperature difference 50F
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Peggy Notebeart Nature Museum, Chicago Illinois
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• Integrate Additional Rainwater Collection,
  Cleansing, and On-site Infiltration Measures into
  Site Features such as Porous Paving Systems,
  Bio-swales, Dry Wells, French Drains, and Level
  Spreaders

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Porous Pavement
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Dominican University River Forest, IL
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Morton Arboretum Lisle, IL Porous Paving
Demonstration Project at New Visitors Center
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Egra Stone Paver
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Rock Island District Office USACOE Rock Island,
IL
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Combination of Porous Paving Bioswale/
Infiltration Trench
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Bioswales w/ Conventional Paving
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Tellabs Corporate Headquarters Naperville, IL
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Overland Bioswales are planted with Native
Vegetation In Order to Slow, Cleanse, Absorb
Water.
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Before
After
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Elburn, IL Neighborhood Park
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Coffee Creek Center
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Infiltration Field under City Park
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Water Plaza
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Level Spreaders
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Cross-Section of Level Spreader
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Residential Designs for Sustainable Landscape
Water Management
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Residential
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Chicago Bungalows
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Rain Gardens of West Michiganwww.raingardens.org
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Rain Gardens
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Community Rain Garden Program - City of
Maplewood, MN
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Seattle Street Edge Alternatives City of Seattle,
WA
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Integrated Green Building and Site Design
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Matteson Village Hall Green Matteson, IL
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Villa Park Police Station Villa Park, IL
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Merry Lea Environmental Training Center Goshen
College
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Evelyn Pease Tyner Interpretive Center at Air
Station Prairie, Glenview, IL
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Celebrate the Beauty and Function of Water as a
Precious Resource
Incorporate water as a visible design element
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Integrated Rainwater Gardens
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Natural Swimming Pools
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St. Ambrose University
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St. Ambrose University
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A Few Critical Considerations

• Every acre on the surface of the earth is unique
  unto its self it has its own cultural and
  physiological heritage including its geology,
  landforms, soils, topography, flora, and fauna.
• There are many physical laws which govern each
  and every place whether we are aware of them or
  not.
• I fought the law, and the law won

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Questions or Comments?
Conservation Design Forum, Inc.
375 West First Street Elmhurst, IL 60126 Jim
Patchett [phone] patchett_at_cdfinc.com www.cd
finc.com