Visual Artists of the 19th and 20th Centuries

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Visual Artists of the 19th and 20th Centuries

• A closer look

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Salvador Dali 1904-1989

• "Every morning when I wake up", said the painter
  of Soft Watches (later retitled The Persistence
  of Memory), "I experience exquisite joy - the joy
  of being Salvador Dali ..."
• The native Catalonian was obsessed with both
  money and fame painting and speaking were his
  main occupations, his favorite subject how to
  discover one's genius.

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Anthropomorphic Cabinet
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Salvador Dali

• Not exactly loved by the Surrealists, who
  criticized him for extravagance and his addiction
  to money (it was Andre Breton who came up with
  the anagram "Avida Dollars"), Dali's
  "paranoiac-critical" method nonetheless provided
  them with a first-rate instrument to liberate
  intelligence and imagination from the bonds of
  memory or dreams.
• Had he been born during the Renaissance, his
  genius would have met with greater acceptance
  than was the case in our era, which saw him as a
  constant source of provocation he, for his part,
  described it as "degenerate".

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My Giraffe in Fire
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Salvador Dali

• Dali commented
• "The only difference between me and a madman is
  the fact that I am not mad"
  
• Remarking pithily that
• "The difference between the Surrealists and
  myself is that I am a Surrealist."
  
• Dali decodes the fantasies and symbols of his
  Surrealist visions, penetrating the depths of the
  irrational and subconscious, elevating hard and
  soft to the level of aesthetic principles. He and
  Gala, his wife and muse, are a mythical couple,
  she his "existential double", his "perpetuation
  in immortal memory".

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The Persistence of Memory
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Broken Bridge and the Dream
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Soft Construction With Boiled Beans- Premonition
of Civil War
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Geopoliticus Child Watching the Birth of the New
Man
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Pablo Picasso 1881-1973

• Pablo Picasso was born on October 25, 1881 in
  Malaga, Spain, as the son of an art and drawing
  teacher. He was a brilliant student. He passed
  the entrance examination for the Barcelona School
  of Fine Arts at the age of 14 in just one day and
  was allowed to skip the first two classes.
  According to one of many legends about the
  artist's life, his father, recognizing the
  extraordinary talent of his son, gave him his
  brushes and palette and vowed to paint never
  again in his life.

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Pablo Picasso

• Blue and Rose Period
• During his lifetime, the artist went through
  different periods of characteristic painting
  styles. The Blue Period of Picasso lasted from
  about 1900 to 1904. It is characterized by the
  use of different shades of blue underlining the
  melancholic style of his subjects - people from
  the grim side of life with thin, half-starved
  bodies. His painting style during these years is
  masterly and convinces even those who reject his
  later modern style.
• During Picasso's Rose Period from about 1905 to
  1906, his style moved away from the Blue Period
  to a friendly pink tone with subjects taken from
  the world of the circus.

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Pablo Picasso

• Cubism
• After several travels to Paris, the artist moved
  permanently to the "capital of arts" in 1904.
  There he met all the other famous artists like
  Henri Matisse, Joan Miro and George Braques. He
  became a great admirer of Henri Matisse and
  developed a life-long friendship with the master
  of French Fauvism.
• Inspired by the works of Paul Cezanne, he
  developed together with George Braque and Juan
  Gris developed the Cubist style. In Cubism,
  subjects are reduced to basic geometrical shapes.
  In a later version of Cubism, called synthetic
  cubism, several views of an object or a person
  are shown simultaneously from a different
  perspective in one picture.

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Weeping Woman
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Pablo Picasso

• Picasso and Guernica
• In 1937 the artist created his landmark painting
  Guernica, a protest against the barbaric air raid
  against a Basque village during the Spanish Civil
  War. Picasso's Guernica is a huge mural on canvas
  in black, white and grey which was created for
  the Spanish Pavilion of the Paris World's Fair in
  1937. In Guernica, Picasso used symbolic forms -
  that are repeatedly found in his works following
  Guernica - like a dying horse or a weeping woman.
  
• Guernica was exhibited at the museum of Modern
  Art in New York until 1981. It was transferred to
  the Prado Museum in Madrid/Spain in 1981 and was
  later moved to the Queen Sofia Center of Art,
  Madrid in 1992. Picasso had disallowed the return
  of Guernica to Spain until the end of the rule of
  Fascism by General Franco.

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Guernica
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Pablo Picasso

• Pablo Picasso and Women
• Picasso changed his companions at least as often
  as his painting
  
• styles. The relationships with women influenced
  his mood and even
  
• his art styles. The shift from the "blue" to the
  "rose period" was
  
• probably a result of meeting Fernande Olivier,
  his first companion. The
  
• artist made numerous portraits of his wives and
  companions and of
  
• his children.
• During his early years in Paris, he lived with
  Fernande Olivier for
  
• seven years. During World War I, from 1914 to
  1918, Picasso worked
  
• in Rome where he met his first wife, Olga
  Koklova, a Russian ballet
  
• dancer. In 1927 he met Marie Therese Walther, a
  seventeen year old
  
• girl and began a relationship with her. In 1936
  another woman, Dora
  
• Maar, a photographer, stepped into his life. In
  1943 he encountered a
  
• young female painter, Francoise Gilot. In 1947
  she gave birth to
  
• Claude, and in 1949 to Paloma, Picasso's third
  and fourth child.
  
• The artist's last companion was Jacqueline Roque.
  He met her in 1953
  
• and married her in 1961.

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Girl Before a Mirror
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Pablo Picasso

• In 1965 Pablo Picasso had to undergo a prostrate
  
  
• operation. After a period of rest, he
  concentrated on
  
• drawings and a series of 347 etchings. In spite
  of his
  
• health problems, he created a number of paintings
  during
  
• his last years. On April 8, 1973 he died at the
  age of 91.
  
• "I think about Death all the time. She is the
  only woman who never leaves me."
  

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Three Musicians
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Pablo Picasso

• There are numerous books and articles with
  anecdotes, citations and interviews by Picasso.
  It is hard to figure out what is real and what
  are inventions or fakes. Picasso did not seem to
  care too much what the press wrote about him as
  long as they wrote about him at all. Whether by
  intuition or carefully planned, he was a
  marketing genius, spinning his own legend at
  lifetime.
• Picasso had an excellent business sense. He paid
  even small amounts by cheque "People rather keep
  the cheque for my famous signature than to cash
  it." He enjoyed being famous and rich. He was
  charming and witty and he liked to confuse, to
  provoke and to have his fun with the public.
• After visiting an exhibition of children's
  drawings "When I was their age I could draw like
  Raphael, but it took me a lifetime to learn to
  draw like them."
• About art "You expect me to tell you what art
  is? If I knew it, I would keep it for myself."
  
• About abstract art "There is no abstract art.
  You must always start with something. Afterwards
  you can remove all traces of reality."

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Dorthea Lange

• Dorothea Lange photographed the nations soul.  
  Hired in the 1930s and 1940s by the federal
  government, Lange recorded the men, women and
  children whose lives on societys margins were
  absent of color and voice. During the heyday of
  the New Deal, she documented the rural poor whose
  meager existence stretched from the southeastern
  to the southwestern states. And in the heated
  atmosphere of patriotic fervor prompted by Pearl
  Harbor, she captured the human dignity of
  Japanese Americans forced to leave their homes
  and relocate to the internment camps. In
  thousands of her photographs, Lange stayed
  consistent with her own view of the humanity She
  sought to uncover the inner strength and quiet
  courage of Americas everyman.  That she
  succeeded leaves a visual legacy that tells us
  much about who we are as individuals and as a
  nation.  

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Dorthea Lange (1895-1965)

• In 1933, Dorothea Lange, a young, successful
  portrait photographer, picked up her camera and
  left her studio, located on Union Street in San
  Francisco. Compelled by the visible human anguish
  of the Great Depression, she traveled through the
  streets to a food distribution area --- a bread
  line --- that had been recently set up by White
  Angel, a wealthy woman living in San Francisco.

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Dorthea Lange

• That day Dorothea Lange took several photographs.
  But the most telling was the one of an "unshaven,
  hunched-up little man, leaning on a railing with
  a tin can between his arms, his hands clenched,
  the line of his mouth bitter, his back turned to
  those others waiting for a handout." Lange tacked
  the developed image of this man on the wall of
  her studio, naming it "White Angel Bread Line."
  Next to that image, she put a quotation from the
  English philosopher, Francis Bacon
• The contemplation of things as they arewithout
  error or confusionwithout substitution or
  impostureis in itself a nobler thing than a
  whole harvest of invention.
• Both remained on that wall for the years to come.

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White Angel Breadline
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Dorthea Lange

• More significantly, the combination of these two
  reminders proved transformational for Dorothea
  Lange. From that day until her death in 1965, she
  applied her creative imagination, her commitment
  to excellence, and her skill as a photographer to
  record social and cultural events in America.
  Best known and perhaps most lasting --- are her
  photographs of the 1930s and 1940s.

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Dorthea Lange

• Hers is a social history the seeing of those
  least able to have a voice during the pivotal
  years of the Great Depression and World War II.
  With camera in hand, Dorothea Lange recorded the
  forgotten men, women and children of the 1930s
  the rural poor whose meager existence stretched
  from the southeastern to the southwestern states.
  Then, as Americans' attentions and energies
  turned from economic turmoil to fighting fascism,
  Lange used her critical eye to record the human
  dignity and pride of Japanese Americans forced to
  leave their homes and relocate to the internment
  camps.

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• "These were some pretty terrible chapters of that
  history evacuation and internment of the
  Japanese and Japanese Americans. The whole
  thing, the feelings and tempers and peoples
  attitudes, were very complex and very heated at
  that time . What was, of course, horrifying, was
  to do this thing completely on the basis of what
  blood may be coursing through a persons veins,
  nothing else. Nothing to do with your
  affiliations or friendships or associations.
   Just blood.Dorothea Lange, 1960

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• Migrant Mother
• "She seemed to know, to accept, to welcome her
  position, the citadel of the family, the strong
  place that could not be taken. And since her
  husband and children could not know hurt or fear
  unless she acknowledged hurt and fear, she had
  practiced denying them in herself.  And since,
  when a joyful thing happened, they looked to see
  whether joy was on her, it was her habit to build
  up laughter out of inadequate materials.  But
  better than joy was calm And from her great and
  humble position in the family she had taken
  dignity and a clean calm beauty.  From her
  position as healer, her hands had grown sure and
  cool and quite from her position as arbiter she
  had become as remote and faultless in judgment as
  a goddess.  She seemed to know that if she swayed
  the family shook, and if she ever really deeply
  wavered or despaired the family would fall, the
  family will to function would be gone..."
• John Steinbecks Ma Joad, Grapes of Wrath

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"We want the Mexican because we can treat them as
we cannot treat any other living man.  We can
control them by keeping them at night behind
bolted gates, within a stockade eight feet high,
surrounded by barbed wire we can make them work
under armed guards in the fields." Interview in
"Organization Efforts of Mexican Agricultural
Worker's, "Works Progress Administration, Federal
Writers' Project File
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Georgia O'Keeffe 1887-1986

• "My first memory is of the brightness of
  light...light all around. I was sitting among
  pillows on a quilt on the ground...very large
  white pillows..." Georgia Totto O'Keeffe was
  born in a farmhouse on a large dairy farm outside
  of Sun Prairie, Wisconsin on November 15, 1887.
• Education for women was a family tradition.
  Georgia's own mother, Ida had been educated in
  the East. All the daughters but one became
  professional women, attesting to her influence on
  them.
• When Georgia was in the eighth grade she asked a
  daughter of a farm employee what she was going to
  do when she grew up. The girl said she didn't
  know. Georgia replied very definitely... "...I
  am going to be an artist!"--"I don't really know
  where I got my artist idea...I only know that by
  that time it was definitely settled in my mind."

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Red Snapdragons
Iris
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Georgia OKeeffe

• Known for her striking flower paintings and other
  captivating works, Georgia OKeeffe was one of
  the greatest American artists of the twentieth
  century. She took to making art at a young age
  and went to study at the Art Institute of Chicago
  in the early 1900s. Later, while living in New
  York, she studied with such artists as William
  Merritt Chase as a member of the Art Students
  League

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Grey line with black blue and yellows
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Georgia OKeeffe

• Georgia OKeeffe found an advocate in famed
  photographer and gallery owner Alfred Stieglitz.
  He showed her work to the public for the first
  time in 1916 at his gallery 291. Married in 1924,
  the two formed a professional and personal
  partnership that lasted until his death in 1946.
  Some of her popular works from this early period
  include Black Iris (1926) and Oriental Poppies
  (1928). Living in New York, she translated some
  of her environment onto the canvas with such
  paintings as Shelton Hotel, N.Y. No. 1 (1926).

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Oriental Poppies
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Georgia OKeeffe

• After frequently visiting New Mexico since the
  late 1920s, Georgia OKeeffe moved there for good
  in 1946 after her husbands death and explored
  the areas rugged landscapes in many works. This
  environment inspired such paintings as Black
  Cross, New Mexico (1929) and Cows Skull with
  Calico Roses (1931). Georgia OKeeffe died on
  March 6, 1986, in Santa Fe, Mexico. As popular as
  ever, her works can be seen at museums around the
  world as well as the Georgia OKeeffe Museum in
  Santa Fe, New Mexico.

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Red Canna
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Rams Head White Hollyhock Hills
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Frank Lloyd Wright 1867-1959

• Frank Lloyd Wright spent more than 70 years
  creating
  
• designs that revolutionized the art and
  architecture of this
  
• century. Many innovations in today's buildings
  are products
  
• of his imagination.
• In all he designed 1141 works - including houses,
  offices,
  
• churches, schools, libraries, bridges, museums
  and many
  
• other building types. Of that total, 532 resulted
  in completed
  
• works, 409 of which still stand.
• However, Wright's creative mind was not confined
  to
  
• architecture. He also designed furniture,
  fabrics, art glass,
  
• lamps, dinnerware, silver, linens and graphic
  arts. In addition, he was a prolific writer,
  
• and educator and a philosopher.
• He authored twenty books and countless articles,
  lectured throughout the United States
  
• and in Europe, and developed a remarkable plan
  for decentralizing urban America
  
• (Broadacre City) that continues to be debated by
  scholars and writers to this day -- some
  
• 60 years after its conception.

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• Wright is considered by most authorities to be
  the 20th century's greatest architect. Indeed,
  the American
  
• Institute of Architects in a recent national
  survey, recognized Frank Lloyd Wright to be "the
  greatest
  
• American architect of all time." Architectural
  Record magazine (the official magazine of the
  American
  
• Institute of Architects) declared that Wright's
  buildings stand out among the most significant
  architectural
  
• works during the last 100 years in the world.

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Frank Lloyd Wright

• A Reverance for Democracy and Nature Wright
  revered the American experience and believed that
  democracy was the best form of government.
  Throughout his life he strived to create a new
  architecture that reflected the American
  democratic experience, an architecture based not
  on failing European and foreign models (such as
  Greek, Egyptian and Renaissance styles) but
  rather an architecture based solely on America's
  democratic values and human dignity. He often
  referred to the United States as Usonia. The city
  plan, Broadacre City, was the culmination of
  Wright's ideas on a new architecture for a new
  democracy.Wright preached the beauty of native
  materials and insisted that buildings grow
  naturally from their surroundings. He freed
  Americans from the Victorian "boxes" of the 19th
  century and helped create the open plan with
  rooms that flowed and opened out to each other.

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Frank Lloyd Wright

• By changing architecture and changing the way
  America lived, Wright may have had an even more
  profound effect. As Wright said, "Whether people
  are fully conscious of this or not, they actually
  derive countenance and sustenance from the
  'atmosphere' of the things they live in or with.
  They are rooted in them just as a plant is in the
  soil in which it is planted."Throughout his life
  Wright spoke of the influence of nature on his
  work and attributed his love of nature to those
  early years in the rural Wisconsin countryside.
  During summers spent on his uncle's farm he
  learned to look at the patterns and rhythms found
  in nature - the branch of a tree (a natural
  cantilever), outcroppings of limestone, and the
  ever-changing sandbars.

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Frank Lloyd Wright

• Wright later advised his apprentices to "study
  nature, love nature, stay close to nature. It
  will never fail you." The influence of nature is
  apparent in his work. From the earth-hugging
  "Prairie" houses such as the 1909 Robie House in
  Illinois and Taliesin in Wisconsin, to the
  cascading cantilevers of the 1936 Fallingwater in
  Pennsylvania (considered to be the most famous
  house ever designed for non-royalty), from the
  sky-lighted forest of concrete columns of the
  1936 Johnson Wax Administration Building in
  Racine, Wisconsin, the rugged beauty of Taliesin
  West in Arizona, to the spiraling, "snail-like"
  Guggenheim Museum completed in 1959 in New York
  City, his work shows a command of nature and
  native materials and an instinctive understanding
  of social and human needs.No other architect so
  intuitively designed to human scale. No other
  architecture took greater advantage of setting
  and environment. No other architect glorified the
  sense of "shelter" as did Frank Lloyd Wright. "A
  building is not just a place to be. It is a way
  to be," he said.

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Frank Lloyd Wright

• A Timeless Contribution Wright's work has stood
  the test of time. His buildings are still
  relevant to today's values. People have moved and
  found new jobs just to own a Wright house.
  Grass-roots efforts have developed to preserve
  his work. In 1970, there were only two Wright
  homes open to the public. Today there are more
  than twenty, which together attract more than one
  million visitors a year. More than one-third of
  Wright buildings are listed on the National
  Register of Historic Places or are in a National
  Historic District.

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Jacob Lawrence (1917- )
With the culture of Harlam as his primary source
of inspiration, Jacob Lawrence possessed a
consciousness of black history that is generally
not included in textbooks. Jacob Lawrence was a
student of life and made exposing the reality of
black history though art his life long pursuit.
After a long period of research and study
research, Jacob Lawrence began his first series
documenting African history.
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• 
  Lawrence found
  
  
• 
  inspiration in
  
• 
  the Harlem
  
• 
  community where
  
• 
  he was raised.
  
• 
  His early work
  
• 
  depicts scenes of
  
• 
  Harlem life people, rooms,
  
• 
  facades, sidewalks, streets, and
  
• storefrontsusing bold colors and elemental
  shapes
  
• in commercial tempera (poster) paints on
  lightweight
  
• brown paper. Several early paintings portray his
  
  
• immediate environment, including his studio,
  home, and
  
• family.

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Jacob Lawrence

• Lawrence's original intention was to provide
  African Americans with a sense of pride,
  accomplishment, and hope during a time when many
  blacks were experiencing extreme political,
  economic, and racial difficulties. In 1986, the
  Spradling Ames Corporation and the Amistad
  Research Center, in conjunction with Lawrence and
  silk-screen artist Lou Stovall, decided to
  publish the works of Lawrence in silk-screen.
  General Toussaint L'Ouverture was the first
  painting to be issued as part of this silk-screen
  presentation and has been described as " Jacob
  Lawrence's most heroic painting and maybe his
  most decorative."

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The Trains were Packed Continually with Migrants
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The Migration Series
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The Migrants Cast Their Ballots
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Andy Warhol 1928-1987
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Andy Warhol

• Andy was born in 1928 in Pittsburgh as the son of
  Slovak immigrants. His original name was Andrew
  Warhola. His father was as a construction worker
  and died in an accident when Andy was 13 years
  old.
• Andy showed an early talent in drawing and
  painting. After high school he studied commercial
  art at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in
  Pittsburgh. Warhol graduated in 1949 and went to
  New York where he worked as an illustrator for
  magazines like Vogue and Harpar's Bazaar and for
  commercial advertising. He soon became one of New
  York's most sought of and successful commercial
  illustrators.

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Andy Warhol

• In 1952 Andy Warhol had his first one-man show
  exhibition at the Hugo Gallery in New York. In
  1956 he had an important group exhibition at the
  renowned Museum of Modern Art.
• In the sixties Warhol started painting daily
  objects of mass production like Campbell Soup
  cans and Coke bottles. Soon he became a famous
  figure in the New York art scene. From 1962 on he
  started making silkscreen prints of famous
  personalities like Marilyn Monroe or Elizabeth
  Taylor.
• The quintessence of Andy Warhol art was to remove
  the difference between fine arts and the
  commercial arts used for magazine illustrations,
  comic books, record albums or advertising
  campaigns. Warhol once expressed his philosophy
  in one poignant sentence
• "When you think about it, department stores are
  kind of like museums".

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Andy Warhol

• The pop artist not only depicted mass products
  but he also wanted to mass produce his own works
  of pop art. Consequently he founded The Factory
  in 1962. It was an art studio where he employed
  in a rather chaotic way "art workers" to mass
  produce mainly prints and posters but also other
  items like shoes designed by the artist. The
  first location of the Factory was in 231 E. 47th
  Street, 5th Floor (between 1st 2nd Ave).
• Warhol's favorite printmaking technique was
  silkscreen. It came closest to his idea of
  proliferation of art. Apart from being an Art
  Producing Machine, the Factory served as a
  filmmaking studio. Warhol made over 300
  experimental underground films - most rather
  bizarre and some rather pornographic. His first
  one was called Sleep and showed nothing else but
  a man sleeping over six hours.

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Andy Warhol

• In July of 1968 the pop artist was shot two to
  three times into his chest by a woman named
  Valerie Solanis. Andy was seriously wounded and
  only narrowly escaped death. Valerie Solanis had
  worked occasionally for the artist in the
  Factory. Solanis had founded a group named SCUM
  (Society for Cutting Up Men) and she was its sole
  member. When Valerie Solanis was arrested the day
  after, her words were "He had too much control
  over my life".
• Warhol never recovered completely from his wounds
  and had to wear a bandage around his waist for
  the rest of his life

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Andy Warhol

• After this assassination attempt the pop artist
  made a radical turn in his process of producing
  art. The philosopher of art mass production now
  spent most of his time making individual
  portraits of the rich and affluent of his time
  like Mick Jagger, Michael Jackson or Brigitte
  Bardot.
• Warhol's activities became more and more
  entrepreneurial. He started the magazine
  Interview and even a night-club. In 1974 the
  Factory was moved to 860 Broadway. In 1975 Warhol
  published THE philosophy of Andy Warhol. In this
  book he describes what art is
• "Making money is art, and working is art and good
  business is the best art."

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Andy Warhol

• Warhol was a homosexual with a slightly bizarre
  personality. In the fifties he dyed his hair
  straw-blond. Later he replaced his real hair by
  blond and silver-grey wigs.
• The pop artist loved cats, and images of them can
  be found on quite a few of his art works. One of
  Andy's friends described him as a true
  workaholic. Warhol was obsessed by the ambition
  to become famous and wealthy. And he knew he
  could achieve the American dream only by hard
  work.
• In his last years Warhol promoted other artists
  like Keith Haring or Robert Mapplethorpe.
  
• Andy Warhol died February 22, 1987 from
  complications after a gall bladder operation.
  More than 2000 people attended the memorial mass
  at St.Patrick's Cathedral. The pop art icon
  Warhol was also a religious man - a little known
  fact.

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