Pre-Cold

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Pre-Cold War
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Former Allies Clash

• United States vs. Soviet Union

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• US and SU troops hoping for friendship between
  two countries
• Problem - 2 countries economic and political
  systems would not fit built up resentment
  between the two

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• Soviet Union

• United States

• Capitalistic Economy
• private citizens control property and economic
  activity

• Communist Economy
• state controlled all property and economic
  activity

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• Politics

• Soviet Union

• United States

• Communist Party ousted czar by force and
  established a totalitarian government

• Democracy - people elected a President and
  Congress

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• Truman becomes President -
• became President 13 days before UN conference
• unprepared for responsibilities of national and
  world leadership
• FDR - left him in the dark -
• military matters and peace negotiations building
  of A-bomb

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Harry S. Truman
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• Truman and Stalin at Postdam
• Leaders different from Yalta
• Truman - US (FDR died)
• Clement Atlee - GB (Churchills party no longer
  in power)

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• Yalta - US and GB - SU must allow free, open
  elections in Poland and other E. European nations
  after war
• Stalin - agreed kept wording vague
• 1945 - Soviets prevented free elections in Poland
  and banned democratic parties left Poland in
  hands of pro-Soviet govt

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• Poland was not only a questions of honor for
  Russia, but one of life and death.

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• Truman - refusal to allow free and open elections
  in Poland and other E. European nations was a
  violation of those nations right of
  self-determination

• Where did this right come from?

Atlantic Charter
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Tension Mounts

• Truman - objective to spread democracy to all
  countries controlled by Nazis
• best way to avoid a 3rd world war was to create
  new world order in which all nations had right of
  self-determination, guaranteed by free elections

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• Soviets Tighten Grip -
• justified for staying in E. Europe
• suffered 20 million deaths and extensive damage
• felt vulnerable to attack from west
• needed friendly neighbors
• Communist countries they controlled

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• Stalin - set up Communist govts
• in Albania, Bulgaria, Czech, Hungary, Romania and
  Poland
• known as satellite nations - countries dependent
  upon and dominated by SU
• seized industrial assets to rebuild SU

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• 1946 - Stalin announced that communism and
  capitalism were incompatible and war was
  inevitable
• Therefore the SU would concentrate on producing
  weapons rather than consumer goods.
• US - this speech was a declaration of war

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• US policy of Containment -
• Truman - stop babying the Soviets
• proposed by George F. Kennan (American diplomat
  in Moscow) - effort to block the Soviets
  attempts to spread influence by creating
  alliances and supporting weaker countries

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• March 1946 - Churchill traveled to US and
  described situation in Europe -
• A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately
  lighted by the Allied victoryFrom Stettin in the
  Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, and iron
  curtain has descended across the continent.
  Behind the line lie all the capitals of the
  ancient states of Central and Eastern
  Europe...All these famous cities and the
  population around them lie in the Soviet sphere
  and all are subject in one form or another, not
  only in Soviet influence but to a very high and
  increasing measure of control from Moscow.

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• Churchill - Stalin had placed an Iron Curtain
  over Eastern Europe

• Stalin - Churchills words were a call to war

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Cold War in Europe

• US vs. SU led to Cold War - state of hostility
  short of direct military confrontations that
  developed between 2 superpowers
• tried to spread influence(economic and political)
  - eventually to Asia, Africa and Latin America

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• Truman Doctrine -
• GB - after war trying to support Greece and
  Turkey
• economy not what it was could no longer give aid

• March 12, 1947 - Truman asked Congress for 400
  million to aid countries

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• Truman Doctrine (cont.) -
• Truman - US should support free peoples
  throughout the world who were resisting takeovers
  by armed minorities or outside pressures
• known as Truman Doctrine -
• very controversial

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• Truman Doctrine (cont.) -
• opponents objected to interfering in internal
  affairs of others affairs
• others argued that US power would be spread too
  thin if the country carried on global crusade
  against communism
• others opposed any dictators, even if they were
  anti-Communist

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• Truman Doctrine (cont.) -
• Congress - agreed w/ Truman
• decided that doctrine was essential to keeping SU
  influence from spreading in Europe
• betwn 1947 and 1950 - sent over 400 million in
  aid to Turkey and Greece

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• Marshall Plan to Rescue -
• Problems after the war -
• Europeans - could not find work
• Refugee camps
• Winter 1946-47 -
• damaged crops and froze rivers
• GB - use electricity few hours a day

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• June 1947 - General George Marshall

• proposed that the US provide aid to all European
  nations that needed it

• this move was directed not against any country
  or doctrine but against hunger, poverty,
  desperation and chaos.

• nations would have to remove trade barriers and
  to cooperate economically with one another

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• Marshall Plan (cont.) -

• Congress debated Marshall Plan several months -

• opposed giving away 12.5 billion
• Feb 1948 - SU tanks rolled into Czech and took
  over country
• invasion convinced Congress that they needed
  strong stable govt in Europe to resist communism

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• Marshall Plan (cont.) -
• great success both economically and politically -
  
• Nutrition improved
• Industry grew
• 1952 - W. Europe flourishing -
• Communist parties lost much of appeal

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Struggle Over Germany

• end of WWII - Germany divided into 4 zones

• SU - keep GER divided and weak

• others - Europe would be more stable if German
  industry were productive and German people were
  not agitating for unity
• 1948 - recombined 3 western zones

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• Struggle (cont.) -
• Berlin Airlift -
• SU retaliated by hold W. Berlin hostage
• cut off highway, water and rail traffic into
  western zones
• no supplies could get in
• city faces starvation

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• Berlin Airlift (cont.) -
• Stalin - threat would force Western nations to
  give up idea of reunification or surrender
  control of Berlin
• Result - W. Berlin - 2.1 million people would run
  out of food and fuel in about 5 weeks

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• Berlin Airlift (cont.) -
• US and GB started airlift - fly food and supplies
  into W. Berlin
• 327 days, 277 flights - brought 2.3 million tons
  of supplies
• food, fuel, medicine to X-mas presents (bought by
  pilots w/ own money)

• Mission to save Berlin made US prestige look
  better, but not for SU

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• Berlin Airlift (cont.) -
• May 1949 - SU stopped blockade
• voters in 3 western zones of GER approved
  constitution
• Fall 1949 - Federal Republic of Germany (W.
  Germany) is established capital in Bonn
• SU zone - German Democratic Republic (E.
  Germany) capital in Berlin

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• Struggle (cont.) -

• Peacetime Alliance - NATO -

• April 4, 1949 - 10 W. European nations - BEL,
  DEN, FR, GB IC IT LUX NETH NOR and POR -
  joined with US and CA formed defensive military
  alliance - North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• an attack on one would be an attack on all -
  would result with armed force if necessary

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• Peacetime Alliance (cont.) -
• opposition - Ohio Senator Robert Taft - fear that
  stimulate an arms race and massive American
  military aid to Europe
• Senate approved NATO
• first time in US history entered into military
  alliance w/ other nations during peacetime -
• CW broke US isolationism

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Warsaw Pact

• Formed in opposition of NATO
• SU - demanded complete loyalty from its neighbors
  
• 1956 - Hungary hoped to gain independence from
  Soviet control

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• US supported uprising
• SU - rent in army to crush revolt
• Americans - invasion caused them to see how
  dangerous the SU was