10th American History Unit IV- A Champion of Democracy

1
10th American HistoryUnit IV- A Champion of
Democracy

• Chapter 14 Section 2 - The Holocaust

2
10th American HistoryUnit IV- A Champion of
Democracy

• Chapter 14 Section 2 - The Holocaust

3
(No Transcript)
4
White Rose Society

• In 1942, Five German students at the University
  of Munich joined together with one of their
  professors to protest the Nazi government.
• The group began to distribute leaflets that
  condemned the actions of Hitler and of any German
  who did not object to Hitlers actions The
  White Rose will not be silent. We are your bad
  conscience. The White Rose will not leave you in
  peace.
• The Gestapo, or Nazi police, quickly discovered
  the uprising and killed the leaders.
• A 1983 German film commemorated the bravery of
  the members of the White Rose Society.

5
The Shanghai Ghetto

• At a time when many countries were turning away
  Jewish refugees, China welcomed them.
• Some 20,000 mostly German Jews came to the
  Chinese port city of Shanghai.
• During the war Shanghai was occupied by Japan.
• Japan began to imprison Jews and established a
  Jewish Ghetto.
• At the end of the war, most Jewish refugees left
  to try to rebuild their lives elsewhere.

6
The History of Nazi Anti-Semitism
Anti- Semitism

• Hostility toward or prejudice against Jews

• Told Germans that they came from a superior race
  the Aryans
• Used the Jews as a scapegoat someone to blame
  for Germanys woes after World War I

Hitlers Views

• Jews lived in Germany for 1,600 years.
• Hostility toward Jews existed since the Middle
  Ages.
• Anti-Jewish Nazi laws mirrored medieval efforts
  to humiliate Jews.
• Anti-Semitism changed from prejudice based on
  religion to hatred based on ancestry.

History of Jews in Germany
7
The Holocaust

• The Main Idea
• During the Holocaust, Germanys Nazi government
  systematically murdered some 6 million Jews and 5
  million others in Europe.
• Reading Focus
• What was the history of the Nazi anti-Semitism?
• What was the Nazi governments Final Solution?
• How did the United States respond to the
  Holocaust?

8
Hitler Comes to Power The Rise of Anti-Semitism
(0546)
9
Nazi Anti-Semitism

• Hitler in Power
• Began campaign against Jews soon after becoming
  chancellor
• Established a series of anti-Semitic laws
  intended to drive Jews from Germany
• Laws stripped Jews of their citizenship and took
  away most civil and economic rights.
• Laws defined who was a Jew.

• Attacks on Jews
• Many Germans supported Hitlers anti-Semitic
  ideas.
• Discrimination and violent attacks against Jews
  continued.
• Anti-Jewish riots broke out in an attack called
  Kristallnacht.
• Jews were sent to concentration camps, killed,
  and fined for the attack.

• Fleeing Germany
• Over 100,000 managed to leave Germany after
  Kristallnacht.
• Others found it difficult to leave the country as
  Nazi laws had left many without money or
  property.
• Many countries were unwilling to take in poor
  immigrants.
• The United States limited the number of Germans
  immigrants.

10
Kristallnacht

• Name given to the first major attack on the
  Jewish population of Germany and Austria, on
  November 9-10, 1938. The Night of the Broken
  Glass
• Both the SS and general population participated
  in burning hundreds of synagogues, shops, and
  houses.
• Jewish-owned assets were attacked shop windows
  were shattered, merchandise was looted, assets
  were demolished, synagogues were destroyed
• Thirty thousand Jews were arrested and deported.
• Strong protests from the West had no effect on
  Nazi policy

11
Nazi Anti-Semitism

• What was the history of Nazi anti-Semitism?
• Define What were the Nuremberg Laws?
• Summarize Why was it difficult for Jews to
  leave Germany?

12
The Nazi Governments Final Solution

• World War II brought many of Europes 9 million
  Jews under the control of the Nazi SS.
• Concentration camps were built in Germany and in
  other countries that the Germans occupied.
• The camps were prisons for Jews and others
  considered enemies of Hitlers regime.
• Conditions in the camps were horrific.
• The Nazis also established ghettos to control and
  punish Jews.
• Ghettos are neighborhoods in a city to which a
  group of people are confined.
• Life in the Jewish ghettos was desperate.
• The worst ghetto was in Warsaw, Poland.
• In 1941 Hitler called for the total destruction
  of all of Europes Jews.
• At first mobile killing unitsEinsatzgruppenmassa
  cred Jews.
• Then, Nazi officials adopted a plan known as the
  Final Solution.

13
The Nuremberg Race Laws - 1935

• The laws excluded German Jews from Reich
  citizenship.
• Prohibited them from marrying or having sexual
  relations with persons of "German or related
  blood.
• Anyone who had three or four Jewish grandparents
  was defined as a Jew. Even people with Jewish
  grandparents who had converted to Christianity
  were defined as Jews.
• Jewish workers and managers were dismissed, and
  the ownership of most Jewish businesses was taken
  over by non-Jewish Germans.
• Jews were required to carry identity cards, but
  the government added special identifying marks to
  theirs a red "J" stamped on them and new middle
  names for all those Jews who did not possess
  recognizably "Jewish" first names -- "Israel" for
  males, "Sara" for females.

14
EINSATZGRUPPEN (MOBILE KILLING UNITS) 

•  Squads of German SS and police personnel who
  murdered over one million Jews and other victims,
  usually though mass shootings.
• The Einsatzgruppen had among their tasks the mass
  murder of those perceived to be racial or
  political enemies found behind the front lines in
  the occupied Soviet Union. These victims included
  Jews (men, women, and children), Roma (Gypsies),
  and officials of the Soviet state and the Soviet
  Communist party.
• The Einsatzgruppen also murdered thousands of
  residents of institutions for the mentally
  disabled. Many scholars believe that the
  systematic killing of Jews in the occupied Soviet
  Union by Einsatzgruppen and German Order Police
  (Ordnungspolizei) battalions was the first step
  of the so-called Final Solution, the Nazi
  program to murder all of the European Jews.

15
Transport to the Concentration Camps (0426)
16
Arrival at the Concentration Camps (0228)
17
(No Transcript)
18
Life in the Concentration Camps (0452)
19
Concentration Camps, Ghettos, and the Final
Solution

• Camps
• Prisons for Jews, prisoners-of-war, and enemies
  of the Nazi regime
• Inmates received little food and were forced to
  labor.
• The combination of overwork and starvation was
  intended to kill.
• Punishment for minor offenses was swift, sure,
  and deadly.

• Ghettos
• Walls or fences kept the Jews inside and those
  trying to leave were shot.
• Food was scarce starvation was rampant.
• Diseases spread rapidly.
• The worst ghetto was in Warsaw, Poland.
• Some Jews in the Warsaw ghettothe Jewish
  Fighting Organizationfought back.

• The Final Solution
• Genocide the killing of an entire people
• Involved building 6 new extermination camps for
  Jews
• Inmates were exposed to poison gas in specially
  built chambers.
• 3 million Jews died in extermination camps.
• 3 million Jews and 5 million others were killed
  by the Nazi using other means.

20
Arriving at Auschwitz

• Most people arrested and transported to death
  camps by the Nazis knew the terrible fate that
  awaited them.
• Victor Frankl, a doctor from Austria, described
  his terror upon arriving at Auschwitz.
• The train shunted, obviously nearing the main
  station. Suddenly a cry broke from the ranks of
  the anxious passengers. There is a sign,
  Auschwitz! Everyones heart missed a beat at
  that moment. Auschwitz- the very name stood for
  all that horrible gas chambers, crematoriums,
  massacres. My imagination led to see gallows
  with people dangling on them. I was horrified.

21
Operation Reinhard (Killing Centers)

• Operation Reinhard German camp workers were not
  told of the program goals and their precise
  duties until they reached the centers. Then the
  SS swore them to absolute secrecy. Each worker
  signed a pledge that contained the following
  commitments 1. I have been instructed that
  under no circumstances will I discuss with anyone
  outside of OR co-workers anything dealing with
  the operation. 2. I understand the top secrecy
  of "any of the occurrences of the so-called
  Jewish Relocation" 3. I may not take any
  pictures. 4. "I promise to keep my word to the
  best of my ability." 5. I understand that after
  completion of my service, this oath of secrecy
  will still apply.38
• Himmler replaced the mobile killing units with
  stationary death factories, and the gas chamber
  period began. The authorities had no intention of
  accommodating prisoners in the killing centers
  for any length of time -they exterminated them
  almost immediately upon arrival..
• The Nazis built Sobibor, Belzec, Treblinka, and
  Chelmno as killing centers for the sole purpose
  of extermination the Jews of Europe and as many
  Gypsies as could be found. All four were
  constructed on Polish soil primarily because of
  the widespread Polish railway system, which had
  stations in the smallest towns.
• In addition, the Polish countryside, which was
  densely forested and thinly populated, made
  secrecy possible.
• Not one killing center existed longer than
  seventeen months. The SS obliterated each of
  them, intending to remove all traces.
• Polish scholars estimate conservatively that in
  these four camps, 2,000,000 Jews and 52,000
  Gypsies, one third of whom were children, were
  killed. Yes, the concentration camps had their
  gas vans, their gas chambers, their crematoria,
  and their mass graves. People were shot in them,
  given injections, gassed, and hundreds of
  thousands died of starvation and disease. But
  even in Birkenau, where some have estimated that
  1,000,000 Jews were killed, there was a chance of
  life. In the killing centers the only inmates
  kept alive for a short time were those selected
  to process the bodies of their fellow Jews.

22
(No Transcript)
23
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943 (0456)
24
The Annihilation of the Jews The "Final
Solution" Begins (0608)
25
Death in the Concentration Camps (256)
26
Toward the Final Solution

• What was the Nazi governments Final Solution?
• Describe What were conditions in the Nazi
  concentration camps like?
• Develop Why do you think the Nazis were
  determined to exterminate Jews and other groups?

27
The American response to the Holocaust

• Despite knowing about Hitlers policies toward
  the Jews and events such as Kristallnacht,
  American immigration limited the number of Jews
  who could move to the United States.
• In 1942, Americans officials began to hear about
  what was happening to the Jews in Europe and
  specifically about Hitlers Final Solution.
• The Americans were doubtful at first and thought
  the reports might just be war rumors.
• Finally in 1944, Roosevelt created the War
  Refugee Board.
• This includes the establishment of safe havens,
  evacuation of endangered people from
  Nazi-occupied territories, and delivery of relief
  supplies into concentration camps.
• Through this board, the United States was able to
  help 200,000 Jews.

28
The Death March from the Concentration Camps
(0408)
29
Liberation (0556)
30
The American Response

• Liberating the Nazi Camps
• In 1944, Soviet troops began to discover some of
  the Nazi death camps. By 1945 they reached the
  huge extermination camp at Auschwitz.
• Their reports gave proof of Hitlers terrible
  plan.
• Also in 1945, American soldiers came upon
  concentration camps.
• Many camp inmates died after being rescued, but
  some were still strong enough to survive.

• The Nuremberg trials
• Many Nazis faced trial for their roles in the
  Holocaust.
• The court was located at Nuremberg, Germany.
• The court was called the International Military
  Tribunal.
• Twenty two Nazis were tried for war crimes,
  including Hermann Göering.
• Since Nuremberg, several Nazis have been captured
  and tried in different courts, including Israel.

31
Military Leaders Face Trial for War Crimes
(0120)
32
The Nuremburg Trials and the Lessons of World War
II (0049)
33
The Nuremburg Trials and the Lessons of World War
II (0049)
34
The American Response

• How did the United States respond to the
  Holocaust?
• Recall How did Americans first get proof of
  Hitlers Final Solution?
• Summarize What conditions did American and
  British forces discover at the Nazi concentration
  camps?
• Evaluate Considering the number of deaths in
  the concentration camps, do you think justice was
  carried out when only 22 Nazis were tried for war
  crimes?

35
IT SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE !
GENERAL DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER WAS RIGHT WHEN HE
GAVE THE ORDER TO MAKE AS MANY FILMS AND
PHOTOGRAPHS
36
THE HOLOCAUST
TOOK PLACE EXACTLY AS PLANNED BY THE NAZIS NEARLY
SIXTY YRS AGO
37
Supreme Comander of the Allied Forces, Gen.
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER ordered to have as many
photographs taken as possible, and had the german
population of the surrounding cities taken to the
concentration camps to see the HORROR, and in
some cases had them bury the dead.
38
AND THE REASON FOR THIS ? HE EXPLAINED IT THIS
WAY TO COLLECT AS MUCH PROOF, FILMS,
TESTIMONIES, BECAUSE THE DAY WILL COME WHEN
SOMEONE WILL SAY THAT THIS NEVER HAPPENED
39
ALL THAT IS NEEDED FOR EVIL TO SUCCEED IS, THAT
DECENT HUMAN BEINGS DO NOTHING. (Edmund Burke)
40
(No Transcript)
41
THIS IS AN INTIMIDATING OMEN CONCERNING THE FEAR
THAT IS AFFECTING THE WORLD, AND EACH COUNTRY IS
ALLOWING ITSELF TO BE CARRIED AWAY TOO EASILY.
MORE THAN 60 YRS HAVE PASSED SINCE THE END OF
W.W. II.
42
A REMINDER FOR ALL HUMANITY, IN MEMORY OF 6
MILLION JEWS, 20 MILLION RUSSIANS, 10 MILLION
CHRISTIANS, PRIESTS, MURDERED, SLAUGHTERED,
RAPED, BURNT, HUMILIATED, IN THE MEANTIME
GERMANY AND RUSSIA HAD OTHER PRIORITIES....
43
(No Transcript)
44
(No Transcript)
45
(No Transcript)