Blood cells and blood typing

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Blood cells and blood typing

• Exercise 33 and 35

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Blood matrix

• Plasma
• Liquid matrix of blood
• Makes up about 55
• Made of water and inorganic electrolytes
• Serves as a transport system for hormones,
  glucose, lipids, metabolic waste products

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Hemopoiesis

• Blood formation
• Occurs in the red marrow of long bones and flat
  bones (sternum, skull, ribs)
• All blood cells start out as hemocytoblasts
• Comes from embryonic mesenchyme
• Differentiates into RBCs and WBCs

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Blood

• Erythrocytes
• Red blood cells
• Anucleate- more efficient
• Carry O2 and CO2
• Contains hemoglobin
• 120 day lifespan
• Cannot undergo mitosis

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Blood

• Leukocytes
• White blood cells
• Contains a nucleus, but no hemoglobin
• Fights infection
• 2 types of leukocytes
• Granular
• Agranular

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Granulocytes the -phils

• Have granules similar to lysosomes of other
  somatic cells
• Have lobed nuclei
• Named because of what stain is used for them
• Neutrophil
• Eosinophil
• Basophil

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Neutrophil

• Most abundant WBC
• Fights infection caused by bacteria
• Done by phagocytosis
• Stains light purple
• 2 types can be seen PMN and band
• PMN- polymorphonuclear leukocyte
• Bands- nucleus is a solid band

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PMN Neutrophil
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Band Neutrophil
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Eosinophil

• Usually bi-lobed nucleus
• Stains deep red using eosin
• Fights off infection of parasites
• Hookworm
• Some viral infections

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Basophil

• Least common WBC 0.01-0.3
• Stains dark/black with a basic dye
• Hard to see nucleus due to extensive amount of
  granules
• Granules contain histamine
• Largely responsible for allergic reactions
• Found at sites of inflammation

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Basophil
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Agranulocytes

• Do not have granules
• Lymphocytes
• T-cells
• B-cells
• Monocytes

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Lymphocytes

• Small
• Nucleus takes up a large amount of cell space
• Circulates in the blood stream
• Makes up a large part of the lymphatic system
• 2 types
• B-cells nurtured in bone marrow
• T-cells nurtured in the thymus

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Lymphocyte
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B-cells

• Humoral immune response
• Differentiates into plasma cells
• Makes antibodies
• This is why you get Chicken pox once
• Plasma cells remember the virus and are ready
  to fight if it invades again
• Flu, you only get each strain once, there are
  many strains

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T-cells

• Responsible for the cellmeditated immune
  response
• Similar to the work done by the neutrophil
• Phagocytosis
• Make B-cells differentiate into plasma cells to
  begin making antibodies
• Helper T-cells
• HIV destroys helper T-cells, leaving immune
  system compromised

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Monocyte

• Largest WBC
• Nucleus can be
• Round
• Kidney-shaped
• Oval
• Lobed
• Functions similar to that of the neutrophil

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Thrombocytes

• Platelets cell fragments
• Form blood clots (scabs)
• Become activated when they come in contact with
  collagen
• This is exposed when blood vessels are broken

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Blood typing

• Blood groups are developed based on what proteins
  are found on the surface of the RBCs
• ABO is most commonly used typing
• It recognizes 4 types
• A
• B
• AB
• O

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Blood typing

• Type A
• Has A antigens and B antibodies
• Type B
• Has B antigens and A antibodies
• Type AB
• Has A and B antigens and no antibodies
• Type O
• Has NO antigens and A and B antibodies

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Agglutination

• Clumping NOT clotting
• Occurs when the foreign blood is introduced the
  antibodies of the infected person begin to attach
  to the antigen of the foreign blood
• This is how blood type is determined also

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Rh factor

• Another protein found on RBCs is the Rh (Rhesus)
  factor
• Named for the work done with Rhesus Macaque
• Positive
• RBCs have the Rh antigen on its surface and does
  not make antibodies
• Negative
• RBCs DO NOT have the Rh antigen on its surface
  and makes antibodies

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Rh Factor and Pregnancy

• ? is Rh- and ? is Rh
• Chance that fetus is Rh
• This will cause the mothers body to produce the
  Rh antibody
• This does not harm the first offspring
• If ? becomes pregnant again the antibodies will
  affect the fetus
• This is called erythroblastosis fetalis
• Production of antibodies can be prevented using
  Rhogam

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Diseases of the blood

• Sickle-cell anemia
• RBCs become sickle shaped upon the first release
  of O2
• They are much less efficient
• May become stuck in the capillaries, cause
  stroke, shortened lifespan
• Carriers of ScA
• Dont have as many sickle-shaped cells
• Advantageous to be a carrier
• Somewhat immune to malaria

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• Hemophilia
• Genetic disorder that causes a clotting process
  malfunction
• Leukemia blood cancer
• Marrow is changed and makes malignant WBCs and
  fewer platelets
• Symptoms include bruising and bleeding easily
• Blood-borne pathogens blood as a vector
• HIV/AIDS
• Hepatitis B and C
• West Nile virus and Malaria (these need a
  carriermosquitoes)