Early Child Development and Research

1
Early Child Development and Research
Flinders University
Adelaide, South Australia
By J. Fraser Mustard Founding President, CIAR
Adelaide Thinker in Residence
March 6, 2007
2
03-080
Experience-Based Brain Development in the early
years of life sets neurological and biological
pathways that affect throughout life
Health
Learning
Behaviour
3
07-142
Research - ECD
Genetics, Neuroscience Biology Population
Epidemiology (Health, Learning
Behaviour) Observational Studies Integrated
Data bases (Health, Learning Behaviour) Random
ized Controlled Trials
4
07-143
Globalized Research
Interaction among scientists Integrating natural
science Social Science International
studies Role of universities, research centres
and government
5
07-144
Population Gradients
Health Learning Behaviour
6
04-015
Socio-Economic Gradient and Mortality Men UK
140
120
SMR
100
SMR Standardized Mortality Rate
80
60
I
V
IV
III
II
Social Class
7
96-076
Literacy and SES Gradients for Youth by Province
1994
1
0.5
MN
literacy
AB
score
SK
(adjusted)
QC
0
BC
ON
NS
NB
PE
NF
-0.5
0
1
2
-1
-2
socioeconomic status
J. Douglas Willms, "Literacy Skills of Canadian
Youth"
Atlantic Centre for Policy Reseach in Education,
University
of New Brunswick, October 21, 1996. Prepared for
Statistics Canada.
8
97-003
Results from
Second
75
Japan
International
70
Mathematics
Canada
Study Score on
65
France
Subset of 10
60
New Zealand
Advanced
55
Items
USA
50

45
Correct
40
35
30
0
20
40
60
80
100
Percentile Rank of Father's Occupation
9
04-147
Life Expectancy Literacy
80
78
76
Life Expectancy at Birth
74
72
70
60
40
100
20
0
80
Percent at Levels 1 and 2
OECD
10
05-173
Literacy Levels by Physical, Mental or Other
Health Conditions USA (Quantitative)
Health Problems
Mental or Emotional Problems
Long-term Illness
Percent
Level
NALS, p. 44, 2002
11
06-008
Health Gradients
AGES
2.25
13 - 17
9 - 12
Health Status
4 - 8
2.00
0 - 3
1.75
1.5
8
9
10
11
Income
National Health Interview Survey (1986 1995) in
Case, 2002
12
03-062
How do social
experiences
get under the skin?
Ron Barr
13
03-131
NEUROSCIENCE
14
03-013
The Hostage Brain
, Bruce S. McEwen and Harold M. Schmeck, Jr.,
1994.
15
04-212
Sound Vision Smell
Touch Proprioception Taste
Neal Halfon
16
04-039
Two Neurons
RECIPIENT NEURON
Axon
Synapse
SIGNAL-SENDING NEURON
Dendrite
17
04-042
SENSING PATHWAYS
18
03-012
Synaptic Density
At Birth
6 Years Old
14 Years Old
Rethinking the Brain, Families and Work
Institute, Rima Shore, 1997.
19
05-211
Kandel and Synaptic Connection
The detailed wiring of the brain is dependent
upon specific interactions with the
environment. The influence of environment on the
brain changes with age Profound effects during
early stages of postnatal development.
Kandel and Jessell, 1991
20
05-069
How Genes Know When to Strengthen a Synapse
Sci. Am. Feb. 2005.
21
07-145
The Dose Effect Language Literacy
22
03-005
WISC Verbal Scores Age 8 Low Birth Weight
Children in ECD Centres (Ages 1 to 3)
Low Birth Weight
16
All
14
Very Low
12
Low
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
Intention to
350 Days or
400 Days or
Treat
Less in Centre
More in Centre
Hill, Brooks-Gunn, Waldfogel. Dev. Psychol. 2003
July.
23
01-003
Human Brain Development Language and Cognition
Language
Sensing
Pathways
Higher
(vision, hearing)
Cognitive Function
9
0
1
4
8
12
16
3
6
-3
-6
Months
Years
Conception
AGE
C. Nelson, in From Neurons to Neighborhoods, 2000.
24
04-200
Early Child Development and Language
Brain development starts early first 7 months
Sets capability for mastering multiple
languages Sets literacy and language
trajectory
25
02-001
Literacy Early Vocabulary Growth
1200
High SES
Middle SES
Cumulative Vocabulary
600
Low SES
0
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
Age - Months
B. Hart T. Risley, Meaningful Differences in
Everyday Experiences of Young American Children,
1995
26
04-153
Abecedarian Study Reading
Effect Size
Primary Grades
Preschool
Preschool Primary Grades
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
Age 8
Age 12
Age 15
Age 21
Age at Testing
27
06-114
Socioeconomic Gradients for Document Literacy
Scores
Mean Scores
350
Sweden
U.S.
310
Finland
Internl Mean
U.S.
270
Canada
Canada
Australia
Australia
230
Sweden
Finland
190
0
3
9
5
7
15
13
11
19
17
Parents Education (years)
OECD, 2000
28
06-021
Stress (Emotion)
Limbic HPA Pathway
29
03-002
Sensory Stimulus
Thalamus
Cortex
Amygdala
Hippocampus
-
-


Hypothalamus PVN
Cortisol
Cortisol
CRF
PIT
ACTH
Adrenal Cortex
LeDoux, Synaptic Self
30
05-212
Limbic HPA Pathway - Stress
Cortisol Over Production Behaviour,
depression, type II diabetes, malnutrition,
cardiovascular disease, memory, immune system,
drug and alcohol addiction Cortisol Under
Production Chronic fatigue syndrome,
fibromyalgia, immune system (autoimmune
disorders) rheumatoid arthritis, allergies,
asthma
31
05-213
Sensory Pathways and the Limbic HPA Pathway
Touch and Other Sensory Pathways in the Early
Period are Critical Pathways Rats Mothers
licking pups Monkeys Peer vs mother
rearing Humans Attachment --
Prematurity
32
05-056
Individual differences in stress reactivity of
the adult are determined by maternal behaviour
during infancy
HIGH LG
LOW LG
Development of Stress Reactivity
Increased Stress Reactivity Increased Risk for
Heart Disease, Type II Diabetes, Alcoholism,
Affective Disorders, Brain Aging, etc.
Modest Stress Reactivity Reduced Risk for
Disease
M. Szyf
33
03-065
BEHAVIOUR
34
05-042
S. Suomi
35
06-028
Rhesus Macaque Monkeys Serotonin Transporter
Gene
Poor nurturing in infancy Long allele, no
behaviour problems Short allele, significant
behaviour problems and alcohol addiction
36
05-057
Is maternal care the mediator of these effects on
hippocampal (GR(17) promoter methylation?
ADOPTION/CROSS FOSTERING STUDIES
Adoptive Mother
Biological Mother
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
M. Szyf
37
05-059
Hippocampal GR(17) Region 16 (5 NGFI-A RE)
Methylation Timeline
1.2
0.8
Low
Mean C-Methylation
0.4
High
0
Embryo Day 20
Weaning Day 21
Birth Day 1
Pup Day 6
Adult Day 90
Age
M. Szyf
38
04-144
Epigenetics and Brain Plasticity
Experience and regulation of gene
function Imprints environmental experiences on
the fixed genome Processes involve methylation
or acetylation Maternal behaviour affects DNA
expression Can be transmitted to offspring
39
06-105
Epigenetics
According to Dr. Szyf, epigenetic modifications
in response to maternal care occur early after
birth critical period. The effects are stable
and persist into adulthood.
The Economist, p. 89, Sept 23, 2006
40
06-120
Epigenetics and Identical Twins
Older twins showed remarkable differences in DNA
methylation and histone acetylation
Fraga et al. PNAS, 2006
41
03-089
Serotonin Transporter Gene Experience in Early
Life - Depression Age 26
Depression Risk
.70
SS
S Short Allele L Long Allele
.50
SL
LL
.30
No Abuse
Moderate Abuse
Severe Abuse
Early Childhood
A. Caspi, Science, 18 July 2003, Vol 301.
42
07-146
Nature/Nurture
43
07-147
Cortisol
44
05-115
Romanian Adoption Project B.C. Scores at 10.5
Years
CB EA
LA IQ 108 99 85 Language
Score 106 99 88 Behaviour 13 9 43 CB
- Canadian Born EA - Early Adopted (within 4
months) LA - Late Adopted (8 months or
later)
L. Le Mare
45
00-046
Evening Cortisol Levels Increase with
Months of Orphanage Rearing
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
Log10 Salivary Cortisol
-0.8
linear trendline
-1
-1.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
Months of Orphanage Rearing
46
00-125
Changes in Salivary Sterol
Mid Afternoon - Mid Morning
Lower Negative Temperament
0.2
Higher Negative Temperament
0.15
0.1
Sterol Change
0.05
0
-0.05
-0.1
Lower Quality
Higher Quality
Childcare
Childcare
47
05-063
Daycare Quality Cortisol Levels (Individual
Measures)
0.6
Unsatisfactory
0.5
Averaged Cortisol (log10)
High Quality
Satisfactory
0.4
AM
PM
Time of Sampling
Sims et al. 2005.
48
06-003
1958 British Birth Cohort Age 45
Cortisol pathway response correlates with
ECD. Children with poor math skills at 7-16
years have dysfunctional cortisol secretion
patterns at age 45.
Power and Hertzman
49
07-148
Parenting
50
01-012
Early Brain Development and Criminal Behaviour
Significant correlation with registered
criminality (teenage) appeared for language
development at 6, 18, and 24 months
Journal of Abnormal
Stattin, H. et al -
102 369, 1993
Psychology
51
07-096
07-080 07-080 Parenting Style of Population
Authoritative 33 Authoritarian 25 Permissi
ve 25 Irrational lt 17
52
99-005
The Prevalence of Children with Difficulties by
Parenting Style for Ontario
43.5
45
40
30.0
35
29.1
30
19.6
25
of children
20
15
10
5
0
authoritarian
permissive
authoritative
Permissive
irrational
53
07-149
Integrated Data System
Health Learning Behaviour
54
07-043
Normal Birth Weight by SES (Manitoba, 1984 Cohort)

82
81
81
83
Low
Low-Middle
Middle
High
Manitoba Centre
55
07-042
Grade 3 Performance (Language) by SES Pass/Fail
Rates of Test-writers (Winnipeg)
94

93
91
83
Low
Low-Middle
Middle
High
Manitoba Centre
Pass
Fail
56
07-041
Grade 3 Performance (Language) by SES Outcomes
for 8-Year Olds Who Should Have Written Test
(Winnipeg)
84

78
70
50
Low
Low-Middle
Middle
High
Manitoba Centre
Pass
Absent, exempt, incomplete, lower grade
Fail
57
07-045
Percentage of Grade 1 Students in Reading
Recovery Programs by SES

26
20
15
13
Low
Low-Middle
Middle
High
Manitoba Centre
58
03-116
OUTCOME MEASURES
59
03-085
Early Development Instrument (EDI)
Physical health and well-being
Social knowledge and competence

Emotional health/maturity
Language and cognitive development
Communication skills and general
knowledge
60
06-030
EDI Results Vancouver Districts
District Income EDI Results
scoring in bottom 10
1 12,000-24,000 34.5
2 24,000-37,000 27.5
3 37,000-49,000 21.5
4 49,000-62,000 15.0
5 62,000-74,000 8.5
61
05-113
Vancouver Grade 4 and Grade 7 Tests
Proportion of children failing to meet standards
correlates strongly with proportion of children
vulnerable on EDI index at time of school entry.
62
06-149
Vancouver EDI Reading
of Failing
Not Passing
Vulnerabilities Grade 4 Test
Grade 4 0 13.6 17.8 1
26.7 33.9 2-3 29.5
43.1 4-5 48.4 68.3
Hertzman, HELP, 2006
63
07-155
AEDI Results - SA
Vulnerable on 1 or more Test Roxby
Downs 15.6 Port Augusta 43.1 Ingle
Farm 32.5 Salisbury East 16.9 Alberton 10.5 C
roydon Park 43.3 Seaton 50.0
64
07-027
Australia AEDI Children 5-6 yrs.
Vulnerable
40
30
20
10
Q4
Q3
Q1
Q2
Q6
Q5
SES - Income
65
06-123
POLICY
66
06-001
Success by Ten Early Child Development
Begin early Intervene often Intervene
effectively
Ludwig and Sawhill, Brookings Institution
67
07-150
Cuba
Poly Clinics Mothers and Children 0 to 6 ECD-P
Program Parental Leave Staff 4 Years
Training/Education - Developmental Neuroscience

68
05-066
Grade 3 Language Scores
Argentina _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Brazil _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Chile _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Cuba _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Mexico _ _ _ _ _ _ _
100
250
300
350
400
150
200
UNESCO, 1998
69
00-042
360
Sociocultural
Gradients for
Cuba
Language
320
Scores
By Country
Argentina
Chile
280
Brazil
Language Score
Colombia
Mexico
240
200
1
4
8
12
16
Parents' Education (Years)
70
07-151
Autism - Cuba
Incidence less than 10 of Canadian figure. Why?

71
99-004
ECD and Experience-Based Brain Development
parent-oriented
child-oriented
1
2
3
4
5
6
- 0
age
Components of Early Childhood Development and
Parenting Centres
Universal available, accessible, affordable and
optional
Parental and non-parental care
Parent- and child-oriented
Quality early child development environments
Responsive relationships and parent
involvement Detect development problems early
72
07-069
Parental Leave
Parental Paid Women with
Leave Leave Children 0-6 yrs. Months
in Labour Force Australia
12 25 51 Canada 12 55 62.7 Finland 12
66 50 Sweden 16 80 75 USA
0 Employer 58
Statutory but Unpaid except Govt. some
employers OECD 2006
73
04-008
Unity of Knowledge
(Consilience)
To fully understand the brain body interaction
requires being able to integrate the new
knowledge from the natural and social sciences.
E.O.Wilson
74
00-068
Integrated ECD Programs
Equality
Learning
Health
Behavior
Social Economic
Development
75
01-039
www.founders.net
To download this presentation, go to Slides -
Slide Shows
76
References
References

• Early Years Study, Final Report Reversing the
  Real Brain Drain. Hon. Margaret Norrie McCain and
  J. Fraser Mustard, Publications Ontario,
  Toronto,1999.
• From Early Child Development to Human
  Development. Editor Mary Eming Young, World
  Bank, Washington, 2000.
• The End of Stress As We Know It. Bruce McEwen,
  Joseph Henry Press, Washington, 2002.
• Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations.
  Editors Daniel P. Keating, Clyde Hertzman, The
  Guilford Press, New York, 1999.
• From Neurons to Neighborhoods. The Science of
  Early Child Development. Editors Jack P.
  Shonkoff and Deborah A. Phillips, National
  Academy Press, Washington, 2000.
• 6. The Balance Within. Esther Sternberg. W.H.
  Freeman. New York. 2000.

77
7. ECD and Experience-based Brain Development
The Scientific Underpinnings of the Importance of
Early Child Development in a Globalized World. J.
Fraser Mustard. Washington Brookings
Institution. 2006. http//www.brookings.edu/views/
papers/200602mustard.htm 8. Success by Ten.
Jens Ludwig and Isabel Sawhill. Washington
Brookings Institution. 2006. 9. Economic,
neurobiological and behavioral perspectives on
building Americas future workforce. Eric
Knudsen, James Heckman, Judy Cameron, and Jack
Shonkoff. World Economics, v. 7, no. 3, 2006. 10.
Vulnerable Children. Editor J. Douglas Willms,
University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, 2002. 11.
Readiness to Learn at School. Magdalena Janus and
Dan Offord, In Isuma (Canadian Journal of Policy
Research) Vol. 1, No. 2, 2000. 12. Why are some
people healthy and others not? Editors Robert G.
Evans et al, Aldine De Gruyter, New York, 1994.
78
13.The Early Years Study Three Years Later. Hon.
Margaret Norrie McCain and J. Fraser Mustard, The
Founders Network, 2002. 14. Choice for parents,
the best start for children a ten year strategy
for childcare. Dept. for Education and Skills, HM
Treasury. www.hm-treasury.gov.uk. 2004. 15.
Behaviour (Affect), Literacy, and Early Child
Development. J. Fraser Mustard. Paper prepared
for the 5th International Encounter of Early
Childhood. Monterrey, Mexico. 2005. 16.
Experience-based Brain Development Scientific
Underpinnings of the Importance of Early Child
Development in a Global World. J. Fraser Mustard.
In Early Child Development From Measurement to
Action. World Bank. Washington. 2007. 17. What
the EDI Is (Not). Hillel Goelman and Clyde
Hertzman. 2004. www.earlylearning.ubc.ca 18.
Healthier Societies From Analysis to Action.
Jody Heymann, Clyde Hertzman, Morris Barer and
Robert Evans, Eds. New York Oxford University
Press. 2005.
79
19. A Short History of Progress. Ronald Wright.
Anansi Press. Toronto. 2004. 20. Economic growth,
population theory, and physiology. Robert W.
Fogel. National Bureau of Economic Research.
1994. 21. The search for talent. The Economist.
October 7, 2006. 22. The Hostage Brain. Bruce
McEwen and Harold Schmeck. The Rockefeller
University Press. New York. 1994. 23. Rethinking
the Brain. Rima Shore. Families and Work
Institute. 1997. 24. The Hidden Mind. Scientific
American. Vol. 12, Number 1. 2002. 25. Learning
without learning. The Economist. Sept 23,
2006. 26. Influence of life stress on depression.
Science, Vol. 301. A. Caspi et al. July 28,
2003.
80
27. Paradoxes of modernization and material
well-being in the Netherlands during the
nineteenth century. Drukker and Tassenaar. In
Health and Welfare during Industrialization.
Edited by Steckel and Floud. Chicago University
of Chicago Press. 1997. 28. The impact of
childhood living conditions on illness and
mortality in adulthood. O. Lundberg. Soc. Sci
Med. Vol. 36, No. 8, 1993. 29. Independent
Inquiry into Inequalities in Health. D. Acheson.
London The Stationery Office. 1998. 30. Early
language and intelligence development and their
relationship to future criminal behavior. H.
Stattin. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102,
1993. 31. Meaningful differences in the everyday
experiences of young American children. B. Hart
and T. Risley. Baltimore Paul H. Brookes.
1995.
81
32. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development, and Statistics Canada. 2000.
Literacy in the Information Age Final Report of
the International Adult Literacy Survey. 33.
First International Comparative Study of
Language, Mathematics, and Associated Factors in
Third and Fourth Grade. J. Casassus. UNESCO.
1998. 34. Adult Literacy in America A First Look
at the Findings of the National Adult Literacy
Survey. U.S. Department of Education. Washington
U.S. Department of Education. 2002. 35. Are There
Biological Programming Effects for Psychological
Development? Findings From A Study of Romanian
Adoptees. Rutter, M. et al. Developmental
Psychology 40(1) 81-94, 2004. 36. Maternal
Employment and Child Cognitive Outcomes in the
First Three Years of Life The NICHD Study of
Early Child Care. Brooks-Gunn, J. et al. Child
Development 73(4) 1052-72, 2002. 37. Sustained
Effects of High Participation in an Early
Intervention for Low-birth-weight Premature
Infants. Hill, J.L., J. Brooks-Gunn, and J.
Waldfogel. Developmental Psychology 39(4)
730-44, 2003.
82
38. The High/Scope Perry Preschool Study Through
Age 40. L. Schweinhart. 2004. 39. Human Early
Learning Partnership. Hertzman, C.
http//www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/ 2006. 40.
Australian EDI. www.australianedi.org.au 41. The
challenge of delivering quality services to young
children. M. Sims, T. Parry and A. Guilfoyle.
2005. 42. The productivity argument for investing
in young children. J. Heckman and V. Dimitriy.
2004. 43. S. Bremberg. Swedish policies for
pre-school children. 2006. http//www.excellence-j
eunesenfants.ca/documents/BrembergANG.pdf 44.
From Child Development to Human Development. van
der Gaag, J. In From Early Child Development to
Human Development. Ed. M.E. Young. Washington
The World Bank. 2002.