Industrial Revolution

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Industrial Revolution

• Changing Work and Workers, 1733-1900

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Industrial Revolution

• process of change in modern history from an
  agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by
  industry and machine manufacture.
• Mechanical/scientific means to control nature
• Application of inductive method of the
  Enlightenment to means of production
• Began in England then spread to Europe and the
  United States
• American System of Manufacture

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Industrial Revolution Included

• 1) the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron
  and steel
• (2) the use of new energy sources, including both
  fuels and motive power, such as coal, the steam
  engine, electricity, petroleum, and the
  internal-combustion engine
• (3) the invention of new machines, such as the
  spinning jenny and the power loom that permitted
  increased production with a smaller expenditure
  of human energy

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Industrial Revolution Included

• (4) a new organization of work known as the
  factory system, which entailed increased division
  of labor and specialization of function-- the
  worker acquired new and distinctive skills, and
  his relation to his task shifted instead of
  being a craftsman working with hand tools, he
  became a machine operator, subject to factory
  discipline
• (5) important developments in transportation and
  communication, including the steam locomotive,
  steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph, and
  radio, and
• (6) the increasing application of science to
  industry

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Industrial Revolution in England

• Good natural resources and, with turnpike trusts
  in 1730s, 40s, and 50s, better transportation.
• Entrepreneurial Culture
• Need for coal and clothing drove process
• Coal production soared3 million tons in 1700 25
  million tons in 1830. Made possible by steam
  powered pumps to get water out of the mines.
• ClothingFlying shuttle (1733) John Kay Mule
  (1762) Samuel Crompton Waterframe (1785) Richard
  Arkwright.
• Eli Whitneys Cotton Gin (1793) created raw
  cotton surplus 8 million pounds raw cotton in
  1770s into Britain 250 million pounds in 1830

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Water Frame
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James Watt (1736-1819) and Steam Engine

• Improved Atmospheric Engine of Savery and
  Newcomen by adding separate condenser for steam.
• Perfected flywheel
• Made double reciprocating engine steam drives
  piston in both directions
• 1000 steam engines in England in 1800

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Watts Steam Engine
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Industrial Revolutions Impact

• Growth of large factory towns like Manchester,
  Birmingham, and Liverpool
• Division of Labor, both according to task and
  increasingly of gender
• EfficiencyF. W. Taylor
• Material quality of life increased among workers
  as did alienation

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Karl Marx Analysis of capitalism Provides
vocabulary for Industrial Revolution
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Marxs Theory

• Class strugglebourgeoisie vs. proletariat.
• Surplus Theory of Value
• Inevitable economic crises
• Inevitable violent revolution
• Workers state ends the cycle of history

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F. W. TaylorTime and Motion Studies

• First. Find, say, 10 or 15 different men
  (preferably in as many separate establishments
  and different parts of the country) who are
  especially skillful in doing the particular work
  to be analyzed.
• Second. Study the exact series of elementary
  operations or motions which each of these men
  uses in doing the work which is being
  investigated, as well as the implements each man
  uses.
• Third. Study with a stop-watch the time required
  to make each of these elementary movements and
  then select the quickest way of doing each
  element of the work.

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Time and Motion Studies

• Fourth. Eliminate all false movements, slow
  movements, and useless movements.
• Fifth. After doing away with all unnecessary
  movements, collect into one series the quickest
  and best movements as well as the best
  implements.

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Government and IR

• Record is mixed.
• Government often sided with ownersPullman Strike
  in U. S. (1894).
• Influenced by evolving liberalism (J. S. Mill),
  Government sought to create safety nets.
• Bismarcks Germanyaccident, disability, and old
  age insurance.

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Social Implications

• Urbanization
• New demands on city services
• Separation of work from homehome becomes a place
  to produce children, not goods.
• Clock/calendar regimented life styles
• Child labor