South Asia

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South Asia

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Title: South Asia


1
South Asia
India Pakistan Nepal Bhutan Bangladesh Sri
Lanka Maldives
2
Geography of South Asia
  • Most of South Asia forms a peninsula. It is
    surrounded by the Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal and
    Arabian Sea, and cut off from the rest of Asia by
    mountains. South Asia is a Subcontinent a large
    landmass that is part of a continent, but still
    distinct from it.

3
Land of Great Variety
Mountains
  • Worlds tallest mountains The Himalaya 24 of
    them soar to above 25,000 feet including Mount
    Everest at 29,035 feet above sea level is the
    tallest in the world.
  • The mountains limited contact with the rest of
    Asia. However, mountain passes- such as the
    Khyber Pass from Central Asia into South Asia
    allowed invaders and traders to enter the
    subcontinent.
  • In southern India, two chains of eroded mountains
    Ghats the Vindhya Range -form a triangle that
    border the Deccan Plateau. The southern part of
    the Deccan Plateau is the Karnataka Plateau where
    wild elephants roam. The mountains can block the
    monsoon winds and make the area very arid.

4
Khyber Pass
Mt. Everest
Deccan Plateau
Ghats
Himalayas
5
Rivers
  • The Indus River runs through Pakistan. Waters
    from the river waters orchards of apples and
    peaches. The river empties into the Arabian Sea
    and is known as the Cradle of Ancient India
  • The Brahmaputra River runs east through the
    Himalayas then west where it joins the Ganges and
    empties into the Bay of Bengal at the Ganges
    River Delta. The Brahmaputra is a major inland
    waterway.
  • The Ganges River runs east from the Himalaya and
    keeps it size even during the dry season.
    Monsoons can cause huge floods. Hindus consider
    the waters of the Ganges as sacred. On the
    Indo-Gangetic Plain (Ganges Plain), rice, sesame,
    sugar, jute, and beans are grown here. The
    worlds largest alluvial plain floodplain on
    which rivers have deposited rich soil. Most
    densely populated area in the world where 1/10 of
    the worlds people live.

6
Indus River
Ganges River
Brahmaputra River
7
  • The island of Sri Lanka is a teardrop shaped
    island off the south eastern tip of India.
  • The Maldives are an archipelago (chain of
    islands) that cover 38,000 miles, but makes up
    only 115 total square miles of land. Most of the
    islands are atolls.

8
MONSOONS
There are 3 seasons hot, cool, and wet. The
rains blow from the north and northeast to
produce cool, dry season, and from the south and
southwest to produce the rainy season. Monsoons
that blow over the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta hit
the Himalayas which block the wind and rain from
progressing north. As a result, the rains move
west to the Ganges Plain. Floods are a serious
problem. When the rainy seasons are
inconsistent, drought can set in. Without the
monsoons, most of South Asia would be desert.
9
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10
Human Characteristics
Population
  • 1.3 billion people 1/5 of the world live in
    South Asia
  • Population density is seven times the world
    average.
  • The population of South Asia is expected to
    double by 2025

Language
  • Hundreds of languages 19 major languages.
  • Most in Northern India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan
    speak Indo-European languages.
  • Hindi is spoken by half of Indias population.
  • Urdu is the main language in Pakistan
  • Bengali is the main language in Bangladesh
  • The ancient Sanskrit classical Aryan languages
    is still used for religion.

11
Religion
  • India Most Indians are Hindu.
  • Pakistan Most Pakistanis are Muslim
  • Bangladesh Most Bangladeshis are Muslim. This
    country was once called East Pakistan
  • Sri Lanka Buddhist Sinhalese are the majority,
    but Hindu Tamils have been fighting for
    independence since the early 1980s.
  • Bhutan and Nepal most of the people are
    Buddhist.

Government
  • India Worlds largest democracy. Socialist
    (central planning until recently)
  • Pakistan democracy, but since 1971 military
    rule.
  • Bangladesh democracy.
  • Sri Lanka democracy, but Tamils claim
    discrimination and want independence.
  • Bhutan and Nepal monarchies.

12
India
  • Country was created from the British Raj Hindu
    word for empire, for the Hindu majority and
    granted independence in 1947.
  • Upon independence, tried to reduce outside
    influence and dependence. Recently has realized
    must compete globally and is moving to market
    economy.
  • Largest part of the population are descendants of
    Aryans and Dravidians.
  • Most Indians define themselves by religion and
    jati a social group that defines a familys
    occupation and social standing.
  • Indians focus on light industry especially
    known for textiles (fabric) cotton, silk, and
    wool.
  • COTTAGE INDUSTRY business that employs workers
    in homes, and small factories (less than 100
    people) are common.
  • BOLLYWOOD nickname for the worlds largest film
    industry that produces about 800 full-length
    films a year. It is centered in Mumbai.

13
PAKISTAN and BANGLADESH
  • The countries were created out of the British
    Raj for the Muslim majority.
  • East and West Pakistan were divided by India.
  • In 1971, East Pakistan revolted against West
    Pakistan and established the country of
    Bangladesh.

Sri Lanka
  • Granted independence from Britain in 1948.
  • The Sinhalese Buddhists control the government
    and make up 80 of the population.
  • Since 1980s the Hindu Tamil minority (20) have
    been fighting for independence.
  • Between 1984-2009 over 100,000 Sri Lankans were
    killed or disappeared.
  • Officially war ended in 2009 when Sinhalese
    government declared victory after wiping out most
    of the Tamil leadership.

14
Nepal and Bhutan
  • Remained independent of European control.
  • Mountains have protected these countries from
    outside influence.
  • Most people are descendants of a group from
    Mongolia.
  • There are two ethnic groups in Bhutan Bhote and
    Tibetans.
  • There are many ethnic groups in Nepal, but most
    famous is the Sherpas Tenzing Norgay was first
    to top of Mount Everest with Sir Edmund Hillary
    in 1953.

15
Agriculture
16
Agriculture
  • Most people of South Asia are rural. They live
    in villages and farm, life has changed little for
    hundreds of years. Farms are divided among
    children, so every generation the farms are
    smaller. Most farms are less than an acre.
  • 60 are subsistence farmers.
  • Farming is low-tech and labor intensive many
    people, human power.

More Agriculture
  • Nepal Bhutan terrace farming uses up all
    available arable land.
  • Pakistan fruit orchards in highland valleys.
  • North India Bangladesh water above knees
    grow rice. Second (China 1)
  • Sri Lanka huge tea, rubber, and coconut
    plantations set up by the British Dutch use
    high-tech methods. When colonists left, kept
    plantation system 75 of Sri Lanka is cash crops
    crops for sale or trade rather than food to
    feed people.
  • Challenge is how to balance cash crops with needs
    of the people.
  • Key cash crops are tea, cotton, spices and jute
    fiber for making string and cloth.
  • Food crops major food crop of South Asia is
    rice. Wheat, millet, corn, and peanuts are also
    grown.

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  • Education and government efforts have increased
    productivity.
  • Since 1960s, crops have diversified and yield
    has increased, but irrigation and fertilizers are
    expensive.
  • Carefully manages irrigation, fertilizers, and
    high yielding variety of crops.

GREEN REVOLUTION
  • Animals Religions of the area promote respect
    for all living things. Some animals elephants,
    water buffalo, monkeys, crocodiles, Bengal
    tigers, blue sheep, and snow leopards have all
    been or are on the endangered species list. Many
    are in danger from deforestation and loss of
    habitat. Animal reserves have been set up, along
    with laws controlling hunting and logging, but
    poaching illegal hunting is still an issue.
  • Lack of clean water is another serious issue.
    India (the most developed nation in the region)
    still has 80 of its people without access to
    sanitation.
  • Deforestation has caused serious soil erosion
    problems, so reforestation efforts are widespread
    across South Asia.

OTHER ISSUES
19
History of S. Asia
20
History of South Asia
Indus River Valley arose around 2500
BC. Writing, built cities (maybe the first) with
plumbing and sanitation, strong central
government, and had overseas trade The Aryans
about 1600 BC Vedas sacred writings about
religion and social structure. 4 groups of
people priests warriors (nobles), artisans,
farmers, and enslaved people developed into a
class system (caste system). Caste system
outlawed in 1947. Mauryan Empire 320-180
BC Invaded through Khyber Pass controlled all
but very southern tip of India. Buddhist and
non-violent. Gupta Empire around 320 AD Very
advanced. Science, technology and art flourished
under this Hindu civilization. This group
probably developed the numbers we use
today. Muslim forces conquered northern India
Mogul Empire. Many South Asians converted to
Islam.
21
1500s Europeans arrived by sea. Trade was
established. Portugal first. 1700s Britain
becomes the major European power in South Asia.
Introduced English language, built railroads,
developed a civil service, and revised the school
system, abolished the Caste System.
Independence
Mohandas K. Gandhi inspired Indians to protest
British rule non-violently through boycott of
British goods and peaceful demonstrations. He
promoted local industry. He worked to end the
social system. He was known as Mahatma or Great
Soul British India gained independence in 1947,
but divided along religious lines. Areas with
majority Hindu India. Areas with majority
Muslim Pakistan. Split many families.
Hundreds of thousands of Hindus in Pakistan moved
to India and Muslims in India to Pakistan.
Violence erupted along the border.
22
TODAY
Both Pakistan and India have had nuclear weapons
since 1998. For 40 years after independence,
India was led by the Nehru family. Mohandas,
Indira and Rajiv Gandhi were all assassinated due
to ethnic unrest in India. Outsourcing moving
parts of a companys operation to another
location. When US says outsourcing we usually
refer to moving operations overseas. India and
Pakistan have benefited from English as a second
language. Many IT support jobs and telephone
call centers are located in South Asia. Textiles
and machine parts have also relocated. India is
a NIC Newly Industrialized Country main
economic activity is manufacturing. Main factor
cheaper labor. It is cheaper to ship raw
cotton from the USA to south and southeast Asia
to make jeans and ship them back than it is to
make them here. http//www.youtube.com/watch?vX2H
PSzz2IfA
23
Pakistan Pakistan formed in 1947 when British
India split into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan.
Pakistan has been under military rule for most
of its history. December 2007, the opposition
leader, former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was
assassinated. The 2008 elections brought an end
to military rule, but the military is struggling
to regain power. The new government has tried
to fight against Islamist militants who want
Sharia (Islamic law). The current president is
Bhuttos husband, Asif Ali Zardari. The move
toward democracy has been difficult, but Pakistan
has allowed US drone planes to fly into
Afghanistan and is helping fight against
al-Qaeda. On May 2, 2011 Osama Bin Laden was
killed by US Special Forces in Abbotabad,
Pakistan. The US has given of 20 billion in aid
in return for Pakistans role in the War on
Terror (since 2001). Relations are strained
between the countries. US feels Pakistan
probably knew of Bin Ladens hideout. NATO
bombed two Pakistan border posts killing 24
Pakistani soldiers. NATO claims they were
targeting Taliban forces.
24
India Naxalite (Maoist Uprising) Large sections
of central and eastern India have been controlled
by Maoist communists. The government has called
them the single biggest internal security
challenge faced by our country. Many of the
poor support the Maoists for promises of land
rights and more job opportunities. The Maoists
are well trained and leaders are ex-military.
Over 6,000 people have died in the last 10 years.
The government has started a program to flush
out the Maoists, but the Maoists have retaliated
and violence is escalating.
25
Architecture
  • Taj Mahal Agra, India. Built by a Muslim
    Emperor as a tomb for his beloved wife. Islamic
    style with Hindu influences
  • Golden Temple Amritsar is the holy Sikh temple
  • New Delhi western style government buildings
    and roads. Adjacent to historic Delhi where
    there are mosques, forts, and bazaars.
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