Foundations Part 1

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Foundations -- Part 1

• The Neolithic Era and
• The Beginning of Civilization

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• Note Cards/Vocabulary
• 1. Hunting and gathering
• 2. Civilization
• 3. Paleolithic
• 4. Neolithic
• 5. Nomads
• 6. Savages
• 7. Culture
• 8. Homo sapiens
• 9. Neanderthals
• 10. Band

11. Agrarian Revolution 12. Matrilocal 13.
Matrilineal 14. Shifting cultivation 15.
Pastoralism 16. Huangehe (Yellow) River
Basin 17. Mesoamerica 18. Jericho 19. Bronze
Age 20. Çatal Hüyük
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North Africa South Asia West Africa Latin
America/Mesoamerica/Caribbean East Africa North
America Central Africa Europe Southern
Africa Asia Middle East South America East
Asia Australia Southeast Asia Africa
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• I. Formation of Complex Society
• A. Basic development
• 1. Hunting and Foraging
• 2. Agriculture
• 3. Complex Society
• II. Human Life in the Era of Hunters and
  Gatherers
• A. Paleolithic Culture by 12,000 BCE
• 1. Hunting-gathering, art (usually
  religious)
• 2. Spread to Europe, Asia,
  Australia, and the Americas
• a. As hunter/gatherer groups grew,
  it necessitated migration an area
  simply couldnt support too large of a
  population

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• Global Spread of Homo Sapiens
• Spread to Europe, Asia, Australia, and the
  Americas

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• B. Early man (Homo Sapiens) by 10,000 BCE
• --End of the Paleolithic Age
• 1. Larger brains
• 2. Use of tools and weapons
• a. Stone arrow heads, knives, etc.
• b. Control of fire warmth,
  cooking
• 3. Language
• 4. Bands of hunter-gatherers migrated
  frequently
• 5. Early, small agricultural settlements
  beginning
• 6. Gender division of labor
• a. Men hunting, fishing, defense
• b. Women gathering, making medicine

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• C. Settling Down 1. Eventually some groups began
  to move less.
• --What allowed this transition?
• Examples
• a. Central Russia (c. 18,000 to 10,000 B.C.E.)
• --Hunting mammoths, gathering wild plants
• --Trading (Why was this
  important?)
• --Social stratification (What led to
  this?)
• --Eventually disappeared

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• b. Natufian Society
• --Jordan River Valley, 10,500 to 8000
  B.C.E.
• --Wild grains were available thanks
  to a warming climate change that
  allowed their growth
• --Hunting-gathering Abundance of
  animals allowed nearly permanent
  settlements
• --More densely populated than any other early
  civilization
• -- Permanent buildings
• --Society was stratified, matrilineal, and
  matrilocal (Why would women have this much
  power?)
• --Abandoned after 9000 B.C.E.

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• III. The Neolithic Revolution - 8000 to 3500
  B.C.E.
• A. Sedentary agriculture and the domestication
  of animals
• 1. These advancements led to this revolution in
  they way man lived.
• a. Agricultural advancements happened very
  slowly
• 2. As agriculture grew, more time was needed to
  tend cropsthus societies moved less.
• 3. What did the domestication of animals
  provide?
• a. Dogs, sheep, goats, pigs

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• B. Causes of the revolution
• 1. Climatic shifts end of ice age, etc.
• --What would this cause?
• 2. Increased population
• C. Development of towns
• 1. Large scale agricultural production allowed
  this

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• D. The Spread of the Neolithic Revolution
• 1. Hunting and gathering
  persists
• Why?
• 2. Pastoralism
• a. What is it?
• b. Why was it a threat?
• --Sub-Saharan Africa ? Root and tree crops
• --Northern China ? Millet
• --SE Asia, to China, India, islands ? Rice
• --Mesoamerica, Peru ? Maize, manioc,
  sweet potatoes

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• E. How did life begin to change?
• 1. Population growth
• a. Pre-Neolithic population ? 5-8 million
• b. By 4000 B.C.E., 60 or 70 million --Farming
  was 4,000 years old by this time
• 2. Inventions
• a. Farm tools, axes, plow
• b. Better techniques to choose
  seeds, plant, fertilize, irrigate and
  store food
• c. Larger and better houses and
  buildings

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• F. Social Differentiation
• 1. Specialized occupations develop Why?
• a. Toolmakers, weavers, potters, etc.
• b. Political religious elites began to
  develop
• --Still very little actual social
  stratificationwas mainly based on
  personal occupation
• 2. Regional exchange of goods
• a. Trade became a necessity since most areas
  were deficient in some required things
• b. What else was often exchanged?
• 3. Communal ownership of property
• 4. Women lose political and economic roles
• a. As sedentary agriculture grew, men began to
  take over most of the dominant roles in
  society

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• IV. The First Towns
• A. Jericho Jordan River
• 1. Urbanized by 7000 B.C.E.
• covered about 10 acres
• 2. Cultivation of wheat, barley
• 3. Also hunting (gazelles), trading
  (obsidian, turquoise)
• 4. Building
• a. City wall and ditch for
  protection
• --Why was this necessary?
• b. Brick houses
• c. Stone mills grinding grain

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• B. Çatal Hüyük
• 1. c. 7000 B.C.E., southern Turkey
• 2. Most advanced city in the Neolithic era
• 3. Large complex 32 acres, 6,000 people
• 4. Agriculture
• a. Very advanced
• b. Large system for domesticating animals
• 5. Commerce
• a. Large group of artisans and craftspeople
• 6. Shrines
• a. Were numerous likely meant the priest
  class was very powerful

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• C. The 4th Millennium B.C.E.
• 1. Innovations
• a. Plow increased crop yields
• b. Wheel allowed easier transportation
• 2. Copper and stone give way to bronze
• a. Much harder and more durable
• 3. States
• a. Larger and more centralized only possible
  through improved metalworking and inventions
• 4. Trade networks these links begin to be
  permanent
• 5. Writing facilitates trade, holding power
  (ruling elites become stronger), and
  cultural exchange (ideas, knowledge,
  religion, etc.)