Outlining a Chapter

1
Outlining a Chapter

• An outline breaks down the parts of a chapter
  into clear phrases
• The main outline headings follow the section
  divisions of a chapter
• Each section includes several points indent the
  outline to include notes on these points
• Alternate parts of the outline using numbers and
  letters

2
Standard Outline Format

• Roman numerals are used for the section divisions
  of a chapter
• A. Using a capital letter, write the first
  point of the section
• B. These are notes you do not have to use
  complete sentences
• C. Indent each new point found in the section,
  using a new letter

3

• Outlines should have enough information to help
  on a test
• A. Vocabulary words
• 1. Definition
• 2. Example of the term
• 3. Connection to biology
• Outlines can assist with organizing information
  for research and writing
• A. Important dates, people, events
• B. Planning and revising

4
Chapter 3 - The Biosphere

• Ecology
• A. Scientific study of interactions of
  organisms within their environment
• 1. Term first used by Ernst Haeckel in
  1866
• a. German biographer
• 2. Living world as a household
• a. Biosphere
• b. Combined parts of planet where life
  exists
• c. Includes land, water, and air

5

• B. Levels of Organization
• 1. Individual
• 2. Species
• a. Group of like organisms
• b. Example trout
• 3. Population
• a. Groups of like organisms
• that live in the same area
• b. Example school of fish
• 4. Community
• a. Different populations living
• in the same area

6

• 5. Ecosystem
• a. All organisms in one place including
  all other living and non-living things
• b. Example coral reef
• 6. Biome
• a. Group of ecosystems with the same
  climate
• b. Example southern Pacific Ocean

7

• C. Ecological methods
• 1. Observing
• a. Simple
• b. complex
• 2. Experimenting
• a. Testing in artificial or natural
  conditions
• 3. Modeling
• a. To study more complex, long term events
  in nature like global warming

8

• Energy flow
• Producers
• Sunlight is the main energy source
• Some organisms use stored energy
• Autotroph
• a. Uses sunlight to produce food
• b. Example photosynthesis
• c. Chemosynthesis use of chemical energy to
  produce food
• d. Example bacteria

9

• Consumers
• 1. Organisms that get energy from other
  organisms Heterotrophs
• 2. Herbivores
• a. Plant eaters
• b. Example cows, deer
• 3. Carnivores
• a. Meat eaters
• b. Example snakes, owls
• 4. Omnivores
• a. Plant and animal eaters
• b. Example humans, bears

10

• 5. Detrivores
• a. Feed on dead plant and animal material
• b. Example earthworms, crabs
• 6. Decomposers
• a. Break down organic matter
• b. Example bacteria, fungi
• Feeding relationships
• 1. Food chains
• 2. Food webs
• 3. Trophic levels
• Ecological pyramids
• 1. Energy pyramid
• 2. Biomass pyramid
• 3. Pyramid of numbers

11

• Cycles of matter
• A. Recycling in the biosphere
• B. Water cycle
• 1. Evaporation
• 2. Transpiration
• C. Nutrient cycles
• 1. Carbon cycle
• 2. Nitrogen cycle
• 3. Phosphorus cycle
• D. Nutrient limitation