Capital Punishment

1
Capital Punishment

• 74 percent of Americans surveyed say they favor
  the death penalty for people convicted of murder
  in a 2003 Gallup poll
  
• Despite its public support capital punishment
  remains controversial in the US
  

2
Capital Punishment

• Of the 85 prisoners executed in 2000, 49 were
  white, of which 6 were white Hispanic 35 were
  black and 1 was American Indian. 
  
• Of the 3,593 prisoners on the death rows of U.S.
  prisons at the end of 2000, about 55 percent were
  white, 43 percent were black, with all other
  races represented 2 percent.

3
Capital Punishment How To Kill?
4
Capital Punishment How To Kill?
5
Capital Punishment Ignorance Hypothesis

• Furman vs Georgia
• Justice Marshall
• A woman taking Social Psychology
• Stuart and Vidmar

6
Capital Punishment Who Do We Execute

• Of the 85 prisoners executed in 2000, 49 were
  white, of which 6 were white Hispanic 35 were
  black and 1 was American Indian. 
  
• Of the 3,593 prisoners on the death rows of U.S.
  prisons at the end of 2000, about 55 percent were
  white, 43 percent were black, with all other
  races represented 2 percent.
• Blacks were almost five times as likely as Whites
  to be on death row

7
Executions By State (2002)
State Executions State
Executions Texas 33
Ohio 3
Oklahoma 7 Alabama
2 Missouri 6
Mississippi 2
Georgia 4 North
Carolina 2 Virginia 4
Louisiana 1
Florida 3
California 1 South Carolina 3
Of 71 Executions 67 (94) Occurred in the
South
8
Executions Of Juveniles By State Since 1976
State
Executions Texas
13
Virginia
3
Oklahoma
3
Georgia
1 Louisiana
1 Missouri
1 South Carolina
1
Of 23 Executions 23 (100) Occurred in the Sout
h
9
Capital Punishment Phillips Archival Study

• Phillips (1980) recorded reports of murders and
  capital punishments publicized in London between
  1858 and 1921.
  
• Immediately after a well-publicized execution,
  homicides dropped about 35.
  
• Several weeks later homicides increased above the
  rate that would have been expected if no
  execution had taken place.
  
• When averaged over a period of six weeks, capital
  punishment did not influence the number of
  homicides.

10
Employing Terrorism, Guerrilla Warfare and
International Conflict To Achieve Social Influence
11
Reasons To Avoid This Topic

• Too controversial
• Traditional social psychology topics like
  conformity, attribution, aggression, etc.
  
• Less time can be spent talking about research
  from my laboratory
  
• There are many topics that I and other persons
  know more about
  

12
Reasons To Examine This Topic

• The importance of the topic suggests that social
  psychologists should have been studying this for
  years
  
• Social psychologists have skills and have
  developed a knowledge base not available to
  politicians, journalists, historians, etc
  
• Chance to talk about where we are going rather
  than where we have been
  

13
Premises We Will Adopt

• No moral judgment is implied in the labels
  terrorist, guerrilla, and state. These
  simply describe activities that individuals and
  organizations employ to gain social influence.
• Terrorist, guerrilla and state organizations form
  a continuum. Larger organizations retain all the
  capacities of the smaller organizations, but
  smaller organizations lack some of the capacities
  of larger organizations.

14
Premises We Will Adopt

• Conceptual structures are best formed by allowing
  permeability between disciplines. Our structure
  will take from psychology, history, philosophy,
  art, politics, etc.
• No new forms of social interactions have occurred
  since 09-10-01. Thus, while we will not avoid
  discussing the present international climate,
  analysis of the current political situation is
  unlikely to yield any new principle of social
  influence.

15
Organizations Definitions

• State-A organizational unit or group of allied
  units that maintain a military force capable of
  fighting conventional battles.
  
• Guerilla-A permanent or semi-permanent military
  organization that is not sufficiently strong to
  confront the military of a state in a
  conventional battle.
• Terrorist-A relatively small organization that is
  not sufficiently strong to maintain an
  identifiable group for an extended time.

16
Organizational Goals

• States To 1) maintain their group in power and
  2) dispense resources among the supporters of the
  government.
  
• Guerillas-To become a state
• Terrorists-To become a guerilla organization and
  eventually a state.

17
Theme 1 The Villa
18
Theme 1 My Friends Father

• What had produced the metamorphosis from
  executioner to kind father
  
• Was the image of the kind father a ruse
• Did the kind man and executioner co-exist
  concurrently
  

19
Theme 2 Beautiful Art

• Michaelangelo
• Jack Kerouac On the Road

20
Theme 2 On The Road

• Hitchhiking as a vocation
• Blizzards and the failed photo essay
• Rescue in Ames
• Exit on Powell Street

21
Theme 2 Reappearance of Our Rescuer What A Long
Strange Trip It Must Have Been

• What social experiences led Kaczynski to renounce
  a successful career to become a
  techno-terrorist?
  
• Do monsters have redeeming qualities

22
Theme 3 A Contrast of Leadership

• The impracticality of Pope John XXIII
• Vatican Deathwatch The morality of states
• JFK at the Ambassadors Residence

23
Theme 3 JFK in Berlin

• Rudolph Wilde Platz
• June 26, 1963

24
Theme 3 Arlington

• Gawking at the procession
• Dreams unfulfilled, a lack of closure

25
Theme 3 Arthur Schlesinger

• Advisor to President Kennedy
• A Thousand Days
• Age of Jackson
• The Age of Roosevelt

26
Theme 3 Schlesingers Analysis

• A sit-about Christmas Schleisinger envisions the
  21st century
  
• 20th Century marked by great ideological
  conflicts WWI, WWII, the Cold War
  
• Triumph of Democracy Destruction of empires,
  colonialism, fascism and Communism

27
Theme 3 Schlesingers Analysis

• Triumph of democracy creates a power vacuum
• Power vacuum allows expression of old hatreds
• Creates an international environment dominated
  by
  
• Genocide
• Terrorism

28
Reign of Terror

• French Revolution 1793-1794
• Origin of the term terrorist.

29
Jewish Terrorists Zealots

• They believed that they served God by killing
  Gods enemies
  
• Assassinated Jews who collaborated with the
  Romans
  
• Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot may have been
  Zealots.
  
• Destroyed by Roman 10th Legion in 66 AD at Masada

30
American Terrorist John Brown

• Pottawatomie Creek
• Harpers Ferry

31
American Terrorists Klu Klux Klan

• Racist-protestant group established in southern
  US after the Civil War
  
• Undergone many changes throughout its history
• Still active in US

32
American Terrorist Timothy McVeigh

• Gulf War veteran
• Oklahoma City Bombing

33
American Terrorist John Allen Muhammad

• Gulf War Veteran
• With John Lee Malvo killed 10 and wounded 3 in DC
  area sniper case
  

34
American Terrorist Ted Kaczynski

• Former Berkeley professor
• Wrote Industrial Society And Its Future

35
Palestinian Terrorists Hamas

• Arose during Intifada of 1987
• Has conducted suicide bombings against Israel
• Strongly opposes Yasir Arafat

36
Peruvian Terrorists Shining Path

• Peruvian communist group founded in 1970
• Turned to terrorism in the 1980s
• Led to deaths of approximately 25000 persons
• Once several thousand strong now greatly weakened

37
Italian Terrorists Red Brigades

• Formed in 1969 to break Italy from western
  alliance
  
• Assassinated Prime Minister Aldo Moro in 1978
• Kidnapped US Army General Dozier in 1981
• Now fewer than 50 members

38
Research Model Predictors of Organizational
Success
Correlate 1 . . . . . Correlate n Goal
(success, failure)
For instance, Strong Ideology . . . .
. Attack State Symbols Goal
39
Components of Our Analysis

• Organizations States, guerillas, terrorists
• Citizens Opponents and supporters of the state
• Infrastructure and Resources Food,
  transportation, airports, etc.
  
• Communication Network Television, radio,
  internet, word of mouth

40
Principles Guiding Our Analysis

• No moral assessment is implied in labeling a
  group a terrorist, guerilla or state
  organization. These groups are simply mechanisms
  for gaining social influence
• Terrorist, guerilla and state organizations have
  existed and will exist throughout history
  
• Terrorist, guerilla and state organizations have
  different goals and employ different strategies
  
• Larger organizations use strategies of smaller
  organizations but smaller organizations are
  rarely capable of using strategies of larger
  organizations