Learning

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Learning Memory

• 10. Retrieval processes II

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Retrieval processes II
Essential (also for lecture 9) a) Baddeley,
ch. 11, b) Eysenck Keane, ch. 6 c) Anderson,
ch. 7, d) Blaxton 1989 e) Jacoby 1991
Implicit explicit Amnesia
Implicit explicit Normals
Automatic False fame
Retrieval processes I
Process dissociation procedure
Feeling of Knowing
Tip of the tongue
Before
After
During
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Multiple retrieval processes

• Last week
• Episodic vs. semantic?
• Data-driven vs. conceptually-driven retrieval
• This week
• Implicit vs. explicit retrieval
• Note The lack of evidence for implicit learning
  (Lecture 1) does not preclude implicit retrieval
  of explicitly learned information.
• Recollection vs. familiarity.

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Evidence from amnesia
P L I _ _ _ _
ORANGE
Warrington Weiskrantz (1970)
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Evidence from normals
A _ _ A _ _ I N C _ A R _ T _ H _ O _ R E M _ Y S
_ _ R Y
Tulving, Schacter Stark (1982)
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False fame effect

• Study
• Read non-famous names aloud (e.g. Sebastian
  Weisdorf)
• Full attention
• Divided attention(digit detection)
• Test
• Fame judgements
• Old, non-famous (e.g. Sebastian Weisdorf)
• New, non-famous(e.g. Avril Zwickel)
• Famous(e.g. Christopher Wren)

Jacoby, Woloshyn, Kelley (1989)
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Retrieval routes

• Intentional
• Effortful
• Automatic
• Familiarity-based

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Naïve empiricism

• Intentional or explicit tests
• Recall, recognition
• Automatic or implicit tests
• Fragmented words, fragment completion, fame
  judgements.

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Process dissociation

• Intentional process
• Automatic process
• Typically, both contribute to successful
  retrieval
• Stronger claim Both contribute, but the
  contributions are independent.

Jacoby (1991)
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Process dissociation procedure

• Read a list of words List 1
• Hear a list of words List 2
• Two retrieval tests
• Both tests include List 1, List 2 and novel
  words.
• Inclusion test Respond old if word was on
  either list.
• Exclusion test Respond old only if word was on
  List 2.

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Inclusion test

• Inclusion test Respond old if word was on
  either list.
• Intentional (recollective) process will have a
  certain probability of concluding old for List
  1 words R
• Automatic process will also have a certain
  probability of concluding old for List 1 words
  A
• If either process concludes old, the subject
  will respond old
• P(old) R A RA (Laws of probability)

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Exclusion test

• Exclusion test Respond old only if word was on
  List 2.
• Subject will only respond old to List 1 words
  if two things happen
• The automatic process responds old due to a
  feeling of familiarity A
• The intentional process fails to recognise the
  word (if it had, it would recall it was from List
  1) (1-R)

P(old ) A(1-R)
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Dissociating the processes

• Inclusion P(old) R A RA
• Exclusion P(old) A(1-R)
• Inclusion Exclusion
• ( R A RA ) A (1 R)
• R A RA A RA
• R
• A Exclusion / (1-R)

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Process dissociation Evidence

• Read a list of words List 1
• Hear a list of words List 2
• Two retrieval tests
• Inclusion test P(old) 0.48
• Exclusion test P(old) 0.37
• R Inclusion Exclusion 0.11
• A Exclusion / (1-R) 0.37 / 0.89 0.42
• Intentional process should be eliminated by
  divided attention (digit task) R 0.
• Exclusion A(1-R) 0.42 (1-0) 0.42
• Actual data 0.43

Jacoby (1991)
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Interim summary

• R retrieval
• Retrieval is explicit
• Intentional
• Effortful
• Retrieval is conceptually-driven
• Retrieves episodic information
• Highly contextual
• Interference-prone (e.g. effect of delay).

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Interim summary

• A retrieval
• Retrieval is implicit
• Relatively automatic
• Relatively effortless.
• Retrieval is data-driven
• Retrieval can be based of a feeling of
  familiarity.
• Retrieves semantic information
• Relatively non-contextual
• Relatively robust to interference (e.g. effect of
  delay).

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Feeling of knowing

• Which planet is the largest in our solar system?
• What sea does West Pakistan border?
• If fail to answer, rate Feeling of Knowing (FoK)
  as ability to pick correct answer from several
  alternatives.
• Then do this recognition test.

Hart (1965)
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Tip of the tongue phenomenon

• Definition a navigational instrument used in
  measuring angular distances, especially the
  altitude of the sun, moon, and stars at sea
• Whats the word?
• ToT state strong FoK, without retrieval
• Number of syllables
• Two.
• 60 correct
• First letter
• S
• 50 correct
• Retrieval is not all or none.

Brown McNeil (1966)
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What next?
Essential (also for lecture 9) a) Baddeley,
ch. 11, b) Eysenck Keane, ch. 6 c) Anderson,
ch. 7, d) Blaxton 1989 e) Jacoby 1991
Revision lecture!