Unit V: Agriculture and Rural Land Use

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Title: Unit V: Agriculture and Rural Land Use


1
Unit V Agriculture and Rural Land Use
2
What is Agriculture?
  • The modification of Earths surface through the
    cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to
    obtain subsistence or economic gain.
  • A crop is a plant cultivated by people.

3
Agriculture
  • 1/3 of all land area committed to agriculture use
  • Developing countries 2/3 involved in
    agriculture
  • Employment in agriculture is declining in
    developing countries
  • lt 2 Million

4
How does agriculture relate to geography?
  • Geographers study where agriculture is
    distributed.
  • LDCs agricultural products are consumed near
    where they are produced
  • MDCs agricultural products are sold and consumed
    away from where they are produced.

5
How does agriculture relate to geography?
  • Geographers study why farming practices vary
    around the world.
  • Elements of physical environment that limit
    agricultural production.

6
How does agriculture relate to geography?
  • Local diversity is shown in the environmental and
    cultural mix influencing agricultural practices.
  • Globalization influences farmers to grow
    profitable rather than practical crops.

7
Classification of Economic Activities
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
  • Quinary

8
Economic Geography
  • Study of how people earn their living
  • How livelihood systems vary by area
  • And the spatial linkage between economic
    activities

9
Primary Activities
  • Harvesting or extracting something directly from
    the Earth
  • Humans in direct contract with the natural
    environment
  • Hunting gathering, farming, livestock herding,
    fishing, forestry

10
Secondary Activities
  • Add value to material by changing their form or
    combining them into more useful/valuable
    commodities
  • Intermediate products
  • Manufacturing and processing industries
  • Energy and construction industries

11
Tertiary Activities
  • Consists of those business and labor
    specializations that provide services to the
    primary and secondary sectors, general community,
    and private individuals
  • service industries
  • Linkage between producer and consumer

12
2 types of Tertiary Activites
  • Quaternary services performed by white collar
    professionals
  • Exchange of information, money, or capital
  • Quinary high level decision making activities
  • Spheres of research and higher education

13
Primary Activities Agriculture
  • Before farming hunting and gathering were the
    universal forms of primary production
  • Use of tools and fire enabled sustainable
    population growth in early communities
  • Cyclic Migration was the way of life

14
The First Agricultural Revolution
  • 12,000 years ago
  • First conscious cultivation of plants
  • Increased the carrying capacity of the Earth
  • Caused changes in social organization and
    technology

15
The First Agricultural Revolution
  • Living in permanent settlements
  • Land ownerships
  • Modification of the natural environment
  • Trading economies
  • Developed much later in the Americas than in
    Southeast and Southwest Asia
  • Many agricultural hearths

16
Diffusion of Agriculture
  • Vegetative cultivation in S.E. Asia same time
    (root removal) 14,000 years ago
  • Agriculture diffused from agriculture centers
    through stimulus diffusion
  • Later through migration and colonialism

17
Diffusion of Agriculture
  • Seeds of agriculture began in the fertile
    crescent (Iran and Iraq) 10,000 years ago
  • - because of seed selection,
  • plants got bigger over time
  • - generated a surplus of
  • wheat and barley
  • - first integration of plant
  • growing and animal raising
  • (used crops to feed livestock,
  • used livestock to help grow crops)

18
Diffusion of Agriculture
  • Animal Domestication
  • Fertile Crescent
  • began about
  • 8,000 years ago

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Animal Domestication
  • Relatively few animals have been domesticated
  • (all by 4500 years ago)
  • Goats
  • Sheep
  • Pigs
  • Cattle
  • Horses
  • Camels
  • Yaks
  • (Jared Diamond claims to be the five most
    important animals)
  • Attempts at domestication continue, but most fail

-Llama -Alpaca -Turkey -Water Buffalo -Cats -Dogs
-Reindeer
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Carl Sauer
  • Proposed that agriculture began in the Bay of
    Bengal 14,000 years ago
  • The cultivation of roots and cuttings came first
    (cassava, yams, and sweet potatoes) before seed
    crops
  • Proposed other agricultural
  • hearths

21
World Areas of Agricultural Innovations
Carl Sauer identified 11 areas where agricultural
innovations occurred.
22
Chief Source Regions of Important Crop Plant
Domestications
23
Subsistence Agriculture
  • Subsistence Agriculture
  • Agriculture in which people grow only enough
    food to survive.
  • - farmers often hold land in common
  • - Total self-sufficiency
  • - some are sedentary, and some practice
    shifting cultivation

24
World Regions of Primarily Subsistence
Agriculture On this map, India and China are not
shaded because farmers sell some produce at
markets in equatorial Africa and South America,
subsistence farming allows little excess and thus
little produce sold at markets.
25
Shifting Cultivation
  • Clear land for planting by slash-and-burn,
    cultivate crops for several years until it
    becomes infertile
  • Leave land to lie fallow so soil can recover
  • 5 of world pop. Still practice shifting
    cultivation

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Slash and Burn
  • Swidden agriculture areas of land cleared and
    vegetation burned off, layer of ash increases
    soils fertility
  • Very efficient with low pop/high land/ low tech

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Shifting Cultivation
  • Crops rice in SE Asia, maize and cassava in S
    America, millet and sorghum in Africa
  • Often the land is
  • Used for multiple crops
  • in subsistence
  • Owned by village, and
  • separated into family plots

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  • Northern India

31
Shifting Cultivation
  • Decreasing as a main type of subsistence
  • Moving to more sophisticated types of agriculture
    with help of state and global organizations
  • Deforestation of
  • rainforests bringing
  • global attention
  • Brazil

32
Boserup Thesis
  • Population increases necessitates increased
    inputs of labor and technology to compensate for
    reduction in the natural yields of swidden
    farming
  • Why?

33
Intensive Subsistence Systems
  • Work small parcels of land intensively
  • Double cropping and crop rotation prevalent
  • ½ of the worlds
  • population
  • Hundreds of millions
  • of Chinese, Pakistanis,
  • Bangladeshis, and
  • Indonesians

34
  • Settling down in one place, a rising population,
    and the switch to agriculture are interrelated
    occurrences in human history.
  • Hypothesize which of these three happened
    first, second, and third, and explain why.

35
Second Agriculture Revolution
  • A series of innovations, improvements, and
    techniques used to improve the output of
    agricultural surpluses (started before the
    industrial revolution).
  • eg. seed drill
  • advances in livestock breeding
  • new fertilizers

36
Second Agricultural Revolution
  • Began slowly during the middle ages
  • Modification of tools and equipment of
    agriculture
  • Increased efficiency of food storage and
    distribution
  • Increased productivity
  • Aided in the growth of large urban areas

37
Industrial Revolution
  • Aided the Second Agricultural Revolution
  • Tractors and Machines
  • Changed the cultural landscape of
    agriculture.how?

38
Von Thunens Model of Farming
  • The modification of farming culture created a
    desire for a spatial understanding of
    agricultural layout
  • Created in the 1800s
  • Based on cities in Germany near Von Thunens farm

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Reasons
  • Profitable options decrease with distance from
    the market
  • Rent differences reflects different values of
    distance
  • Production Costs Transportation Costs
    economic margin for a crop
  • Greater the transport cost the less rent a farmer
    can afford

41
Contemporary Variables
  • More efficient transportation
  • Transportation cost no longer proportional to
    costs
  • Firewood not a factor
  • Technology has reduced perishability

42
The Third Agricultural Revolution
  • Creation of the New World
  • Late 19th Century and gained momentum through
    the 20th Century
  • Big differences between the 2nd and the 3rd is
    degree

43
The Third Agricultural Revolution 3 Phases
  • Mechanization, chemical farming with synthetic
    fertilizers, and globally widespread food
    manufacturing

44
Mechanization
  • Replacement of human labor with machines
  • Tractors, combines, reapers, pickers, since late
    1800s

45
Chemical Farming
  • Application of synthetic fertilizers to the soil
  • Also herbicides, fungicides, and pesticides
  • Important environmental impact

46
Food Manufacturing
  • Adding economic value to agricultural products
    through a range of treatments
  • Processing, canning, refining, packing, packaging

47
The Third Agricultural Revolution
  • The Green Revolution
  • Began in the 1960s
  • Scientists created IR36an artificial rice
    plant
  • By 1992 IR36 was the
  • most widely grown
  • crop on Earth

48
The Green Revolution
  • New high-yield hybrid varieties of wheat and corn
    were developed and diffused
  • Disastrous famines of the past have been avoided
  • Asia saw a two-thirds increase in rice production

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Negatives of the Green Revolution
  • New hybrids required use of chemical fertilizers
    and pesticides
  • Can lead to reduction of organic matter in the
    soil
  • Many small-scale
  • farmers lack resources
  • to acquire these
  • chemicals and the seed

51
Agricultural Landscape
  • The agricultural imprint of cultivation on the
    land
  • The patterns of fields and properties created as
    people occupy land for the purpose of farming

52
Cadastral System
  • A system the delineates property lines
  • Adopted in places where settlement could be
    regulated by law
  • Main Type Township-and-range system

53
Township-and-range system
  • Designed to facilitate the dispersal of settlers
    evenly across farmlands of the interior
  • Basic unit section (1sq. Mi of land)
  • Land frequently bought in half or quarter
    sections
  • Townships (36 sq. mi) serve as political
    administrative subdistricts

54
Township and Range The cultural landscape of
Garden City, Iowa reflects the Township and Range
system. Townships are 6x6 miles and section lines
are every 1 mile.
55
Metes and Bounds Survey
  • Natural features used to demarcate irregular
    parcels of land
  • Used commonly along the eastern seaboard
  • Rivers, lakes, streams, mountains

56
  • Tennessees 3rd Surveyors District using Metes
    and Bounds to describe the plot

57
Long-Lot Survey System
  • Long, narrow unit block stretching back from a
    road, river, or canal
  • Central and Western Europe, Brazil, Argentina,
    Southern Louisiana, Texas

58
Longlot Survey System The cultural landscape of
Burgandy, France reflects the Longlot Survey
system, as land is divided into long, narrow
parcels.
French Long Lot agricultural fields in Louisiana
59
Dominant Land Survey Patterns in the US
60
Agricultural Villages
  • Linear Village
  • Cluster Village (nucleated)
  • Round Village (rundling)
  • Walled Village
  • Grid Village

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Village Forms
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Functional Differentiation within Villages
  • Cultural landscape of a village reflects
  • Social stratification
  • Differentiation of buildings
  • Cultural norms
  • Economic way of life
  • Levels of Interdependence

63
Stilt village in Cambodia Buildings look alike,
but serve different purposes.
64
Farm in Minnesota each building serves a
different purpose
65
Commercial Agriculture
  • Production primarily for sale to processing
    companies, not for individual consumption
  • MDCs, semi-peripheral, core
  • Machinery and biotechnology
  • Dairying, grain farming, Livestock higher costs

66
Commercial Agriculture
  • Roots Plantation Farming
  • Latin America, Africa, and Asia
  • Specialization in one or two crops
  • ex cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, tea
  • Large labor force needed, often live on the
    plantation
  • Today global production made possible by
    advances in transportation and food storage

67
Commercial Agriculture
  • More land needed why has the amount of farm
    land increased, while farms have decreased in the
    US?
  • Closely tied to other food processing business
    chain called agribusiness employs 20 of US labor

68
AgribusinessThe industrialization of
Agriculture
  • Created by advances in science and technology
  • Process of the farm moving from the centerpiece
    of agriculture production to being on part of an
    integrated (vertical) industrial process
  • eg. Poultry industry in
  • the US

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Advances in Transportation and Food Storage -
Containerization of seaborne freight traffic -
Refrigeration of containers, as they wait
transport in Dunedin, New Zealand
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Organic Agriculture
  • Organic Agriculture
  • The production of crops without the use of
    synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and
    fertilizers or the raising of livestock without
    hormones, antibiotics, and synthetic feeds.
  • - sales of organic foods on the rise
  • - grown everywhere
  • - demand in wealthier countries

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Organic Agriculture
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Fair Trade Agriculture
  • Fair Trade Coffee
  • shade grown coffee produced by certified fair
    trade farmers, who then sell the coffee directly
    to coffee importers.
  • - guarantees a fair trade price
  • - over 500,000 farmers
  • - produced in more than 20 countries
  • - often organically produced

75
Fair trade coffee farmer in El Salvador grows
his beans organically and in the shade, allowing
him to get a much better price for his coffee.
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Tragedy of the Commons
  • "Therein is the tragedy. Each man is locked into
    a system that compels him to increase his herd
    without limitin a world that is limited. Ruin is
    the destination toward which all men rush, each
    pursuing his own best interest in a society that
    believes in the freedom of the commons. Freedom
    in a commons brings ruin to all.

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