Early Child Development

1
Early Child Development Mental and Physical
Health
Womens and Childrens Hospital Grand Rounds
Adelaide, South Australia
By J. Fraser Mustard Founding President, CIAR
Adelaide Thinker in Residence
February 21, 2007
2
01-002
The Growth of the World Population and
6
Some Major Events in the History of Technology
?

Exponential
Knowledge
and
4
Technology
Growth
Population (x 109)

2
Beginning of
Industrial
Revolution
Printing
1st Agricultural
Press

Revolution
9BC


2AD
0
3BC
1BC
5BC
1AD
Year (x 103)
Robert W. Fogel. Economic Growth, Population
Theory, and Physiology, April 1994
3
00-063
Industrial Revolution and Population
Health in the West
Tom McKeown
- 25 public health
- 75 better nutrition
Robert Fogel
- Major factor better nutrition of children
- Early childhood sets risks for chronic
diseases of adults
- Better quality of population improved economic
growth
4
03-049
The Evolutionary History of
Homo Sapiens
200, 000 Years
10, 000 Years Agricultural Revolution --
Civilization Experiments
3000 to 4000 Years Written Language
Alphabet
600 Years Books
50 Years Electronic Media
5
04-007
The Brain and Health
From the time of the ancient Greeks to the 20th
century, it was accepted that the mind can affect
illness. The new thrust of the biosciences and
the new treatments for disease have recently
caused us to have less interest in the mind-body
interaction and disease.
Esther Sternberg (NIH)
6
03-131
NEUROSCIENCE
7
03-013
The Hostage Brain
, Bruce S. McEwen and Harold M. Schmeck, Jr.,
1994.
8
04-039
Two Neurons
RECIPIENT NEURON
Axon
Synapse
SIGNAL-SENDING NEURON
Dendrite
9
03-078
Experience and Brain Development
Stimuli in early life switch on genetic pathways
that differentiate neuron function for the
sensory neurons (vision, sound, etc) critical
and sensitive periods.
Stimuli affect the formation of the connections
(synapses) among the billions of neurons
(sensitive periods).
The brain pathways that affect literacy,
behaviour, and health form early.
From studies in humans, monkeys and rats
10
04-042
SENSING PATHWAYS
11
03-079
Vision and Hearing Critical Period
Eye cataracts at birth prevent normal
development of vision neurons
in the occipital cortex (Hubel and Wiesel)
Cochlear defects at birth impair hearing
development (Rauschecker and ODonoghue)
12
03-012
Synaptic Density
At Birth
6 Years Old
14 Years Old
Rethinking the Brain, Families and Work
Institute, Rima Shore, 1997.
13
05-069
How Genes Know When to Strengthen a Synapse
Sci. Am. Feb. 2005.
14
01-003
Human Brain Development Language and Cognition
Language
Sensing
Pathways
Higher
(vision, hearing)
Cognitive Function
9
0
1
4
8
12
16
3
6
-3
-6
Months
Years
Conception
AGE
C. Nelson, in From Neurons to Neighborhoods, 2000.
15
06-021
Stress (Emotion)
Limbic HPA Pathway
16
02-066
The Fear Response
Visual Thalamus
Visual Cortex
Amygdala
Scientific American
The Hidden Mind, 2002, Volume 12, Number 1
17
05-060
Influences on the Amygdala
Cortex
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Thalamus
Stimulus
LeDoux, Sci. Am., 1994.
18
03-002
Sensory Stimulus
Thalamus
Cortex
Amygdala
Hippocampus
-
-


Hypothalamus PVN
Cortisol
Cortisol
CRF
PIT
ACTH
Adrenal Cortex
LeDoux, Synaptic Self
19
05-212
Limbic HPA Pathway - Stress
Cortisol Over Production Behaviour,
depression, type II diabetes, malnutrition,
cardiovascular disease, memory, immune system,
drug and alcohol addiction Cortisol Under
Production Chronic fatigue syndrome,
fibromyalgia, immune system (autoimmune
disorders) rheumatoid arthritis, allergies,
asthma
20
05-213
Sensory Pathways and the Limbic HPA Pathway
Touch and Other Sensory Pathways in the Early
Period are Critical Pathways Rats Mothers
licking pups Monkeys Peer vs mother
rearing Humans Attachment --
Prematurity
21
05-056
Individual differences in stress reactivity of
the adult are determined by maternal behaviour
during infancy
HIGH LG
LOW LG
Development of Stress Reactivity
Increased Stress Reactivity Increased Risk for
Heart Disease, Type II Diabetes, Alcoholism,
Affective Disorders, Brain Aging, etc.
Modest Stress Reactivity Reduced Risk for
Disease
M. Szyf
22
05-059
Hippocampal GR(17) Region 16 (5 NGFI-A RE)
Methylation Timeline
1.2
0.8
Low
Mean C-Methylation
0.4
High
0
Embryo Day 20
Weaning Day 21
Birth Day 1
Pup Day 6
Adult Day 90
Age
M. Szyf
23
06-134
The Myth of the Bell Curve Genetics
Nature versus nurture Genotype - Genetics
Phenotype - Epigenetics
24
04-144
Epigenetics and Brain Plasticity
Experience and regulation of gene
function Imprints environmental experiences on
the fixed genome Processes involve methylation
or acetylation Maternal behaviour affects DNA
expression Can be transmitted to offspring
25
06-105
Epigenetics
According to Dr. Szyf, epigenetic modifications
in response to maternal care occur early after
birth critical period. The effects are stable
and persist into adulthood.
The Economist, p. 89, Sept 23, 2006
26
03-089
Serotonin Transporter Gene Experience in Early
Life - Depression Age 26
Depression Risk
.70
SS
S Short Allele L Long Allele
.50
SL
LL
.30
No Abuse
Moderate Abuse
Severe Abuse
Early Childhood
A. Caspi, Science, 18 July 2003, Vol 301.
27
05-069
How Genes Know When to Strengthen a Synapse
Sci. Am. Feb. 2005.
28
03-063
HEALTH
29
04-015
Socio-Economic Gradient and Mortality Men UK
140
120
SMR
100
SMR Standardized Mortality Rate
80
60
I
V
IV
III
II
Social Class
30
06-008
Health Gradients
AGES
2.25
13 - 17
9 - 12
Health Status
4 - 8
2.00
0 - 3
1.75
1.5
8
9
10
11
Income
National Health Interview Survey (1986 1995) in
Case, 2002
31
00-076
Life Cycle and Health
In Utero - Barker et al
Early Years - Power and Hertzman
Adult Life - Marmot et al
Biological embedding in the early years
(Epigenetics)
32
91-068
U.K. CIVIL SERVICE
Mortality - All Causes
16
Other
Clerical
12
Professional/
8
Executive
Cumulative Mortality
4
Administrative
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Year of Follow-up
33
89-032
U.K. Civil Service
Relative Risk of CHD
Admin, Prof
Age Group
Clerical
Other
Exec
1.0
1.5
3.1
40-49
50-59
1.0
1.2
1.5
60-64
1.0
1.2
1.4
(Controlled for age, smoking, B.P., cholesterol)
Marmot in Class and Health 1986
34
98-065
25 Year CHD Mortality by Grade
Whitehall Men
14
12
10
8
CHD
MORTALITY / 1000PY
OTHER
6
CLERICAL
4
PROF/EXEC
2
1
2
ADMIN
3
4
5
CHOLESTEROL QUINTILES
35
03-094
Age Adjusted Odds Ratios
CHD - Whitehall Study
Civil Service Grade
HIGH
LOW
Non-Adjusted
1.00
1.50
Adjusted
Work
1.00
1.18
Risk Factors
1.00
1.30
Fully
1.00
0.95
Marmot, BMJ, 1997
36
04-006
Swedish Longitudinal Study Early Child
Development (ECD) and Adult Health
Number of Adverse ECD Circumstances
1
2
4
0
3
Adult Health
Odds - Ratios
General Physical
1
1.39
1.54
2.08
2.66
1
1.56
1.53
2.91
7.76
Circulatory
Mental
1
1.78
2.05
3.76
10.27
Economic, family size, broken family and family
dissention
Lundberg, Soc. Sci. Med, Vol. 36, No. 8, 1993
37
06-003
1958 British Birth Cohort Age 45
Cortisol pathway response correlates with
ECD. Children with poor math skills at 7-16
years have dysfunctional cortisol secretion
patterns at age 45.
Power and Hertzman
38
07-057
Low Birthweight Babies Have Higher Plasma
Cortisol Levels as Adults.
J.R. Seckl
39
07-058
Environmental processes influence propensity to
disease in adults. Operate during an infants
phases of life.

Gluckman Hanson, 2004
40
07-059

Epigenetic change of DNA is probably important in
developmental plasticity.
Gluckman et al, 2005
41
07-060
Socio Economic Status Genetic Variation and
Central Nervous System Serotonin Response

An SES Gradient
Correlates with CHD
S.B. Manuck
42
00-069
Health Problems Related
to Early Life
Coronary Heart Disease Non-insulin Dependent
Diabetes Obesity Blood Pressure Aging and
Memory Loss Mental Health (depression)
43
01-010
"Follow up through life of successive
samples of birth has pointed to the
crucial influence of early life on
subsequent mental and physical health
and development."
Acheson, Donald -
Independent Inquiry into
,1998
Inequalities in Health
44
03-065
BEHAVIOUR
45
06-085
Early Development and Behaviour
Antisocial Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD) Autism Depression
46
02-008
Maltreatment at an early age can
have enduring negative effects on
a child's brain development and
function.
Martin Teicher
Scientific American, 2002
47
02-011
Behaviour
The aftermath of poor early child
development can appear as depression, anxiety,
suicidal thoughts or post- traumatic stress or
as aggression, impulsiveness, delinquency,
hyper- activity or substance abuse.
Martin Teicher
Scientific American, 2002
48
01-012
Early Brain Development and Criminal Behaviour
Significant correlation with registered
criminality (teenage) appeared for language
development at 6, 18, and 24 months
Journal of Abnormal
Stattin, H. et al -
102 369, 1993
Psychology
49
06-137
Language Literacy
50
04-200
Early Child Development and Language
Brain development starts early first 8-12
months Sets capability for mastering multiple
languages Sets literacy and language
trajectory
51
06-114
Socioeconomic Gradients for Document Literacy
Scores
Mean Scores
350
Sweden
U.S.
310
Finland
Internl Mean
U.S.
270
Canada
Canada
Australia
Australia
230
Sweden
Finland
190
0
3
9
5
7
15
13
11
19
17
Parents Education (years)
OECD, 2000
52
05-178
Literacy Levels for the Total Population USA
Prose
Document
Quantitative
Percent
Level
NALS, p. 17, 2002
53
05-173
Literacy Levels by Physical, Mental or Other
Health Conditions USA (Quantitative)
Health Problems
Mental or Emotional Problems
Long-term Illness
Percent
Level
NALS, p. 44, 2002
54
05-170
Percentages of Adults in Poverty, by Literacy
Level USA (Prose)
Level
Percent
NALS, p. 61, 2002
55
07-027
Australia AEDI Children 5-6 yrs.
Vulnerable
40
30
20
10
Q4
Q3
Q1
Q2
Q6
Q5
SES - Income
56
05-029
Early Child Development and Parenting Centres
Offer from conception to school entry Provide
support for parents Learn parenting by
doing Provide non-parental care Link to
Childrens Services as needed
57
07-036
STEPS BEING TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT OF SOUTH
AUSTRALIA
58
07-037
Government is setting up Early Child Development
and Parenting Centres linked with the Primary
Schools.
59
01-050
The principle of free education for
school-age children is already entrenched
throughout the rich world there would be
nothing incongruous about extending it
further down the age range.
The Economist, pg 16, July 18, 1998
60
07-035
Proportion of Vulnerable Children AEDI
Suburbs Vulnerability Alberton
10.5 Royal Park/Hendon 16.7 Athol Park
26.7 Croydon Park 43.3 Ferryden Park
43.8 with one test in the bottom
10.
61
07-039
If the Government of South Australia can put this
in place, they will be world leaders in providing
equality of opportunity for all young children.
62
07-020
Findings from Neuroscience Early Experiences
Shapes
Gene Expression Brain Architecture
Cognitive Emotional/Social Behavior Health-Phy
sical Mental
Prerequisite for social stability, and economic
productivity in adulthood
63
07-018
Council for Early Child DevelopmentPutting
Science Into Action
What we envision will be a first "tier" program
for early child development, as important as the
elementary and secondary school system and the
post-secondary education system. The system
should consist of community-based centres
operating at the local level within a provincial
framework
Early Years Study McCain Mustard,
1999. p. 20
64
01-039
www.founders.net
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References
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