The Colonies Come of Age

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The Colonies Come of Age

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Title: The Colonies Come of Age

1
The Colonies Come of Age
2
England and Its Colonies

England and its largely self-governing colonies
prospered under mutually beneficial trade
relationship.
The colonial system was the forerunner of our
modern system of self-governing states.
Many colonist benefited from the trade
relationship with the home country, the real
purpose of the colonial system was to enrich
Britain.

The British interest in establishing colonies was
influenced by the theory of mercantilism. What is
mercantilism?
That a countrys ultimate goal was
self-sufficiency and that all countries were in
competition to acquire the most gold and silver.
Colonies under mercantilism were expected to
supply those materials that the mother country
lacked , England discouraged the manufacturing of
colonial goods that competed with producers back
home.

By the mid-1600s the American colonist were
fulfilling their role at least partially.
The colonist exported to England large amounts of
raw materials and staples- lumber, furs, fish and
tobacco.
The colonist would purchase from England such
things as furniture, utensils, books, and china.
Not all the exports the colonist produced would
be shipped to England.
Some colonists lumber and tobacco made it to
Spain, France and Holland.

Many of the colonist could not see just sending
their goods to England when they could increase
their wealth by selling to other countries.
England saw this as an economic threat. Why?
According to the mercantilist theory any wealth
flowing from the colonist to another nation came
at the expense of the mother country.
As a result beginning in 1651 Englands
Parliament the countrys legislative body pass
the Navigation Acts. What were these?
A series of laws restricting colonial trade.

6
What were the requirements of these Navigation
Acts?

No country could trade with the colonies unless
the goods were shipped in either colonial or
English ships
All vessels had to be operated by crews that were
at least three-quarters English or colonial.
The colonies could export products only to
England.
Almost all goods traded between the colonies and
Europe first had to pass through an English port.

The system created by the Navigation Acts
benefited who?
England and proved to be good for most colonists
as well. Why?
Passing all foreign good through England yielded
jobs for English dockworkers and import taxes for
the English.
By restricting trade to English or colonial ships
the acts spurred a boom in the colonial
shipbuilding industry.

8
Did all the colonist like the acts if not why?

Number of the colonist resented the trade
restrictions, and many continued to smuggle or
trade illegally, goods to and from other
countries.
For years England did little to stop the
violations.
Finally in 1684 Charles II acted punishing
colonist whom he believed most resisted English
authority the leaders of Massachusetts.

9
Crackdown in Massachusetts

In 1684 after failing to get Massachusetts to
obey the English laws, England revoked the
colonys corporate charter.
Massachusetts which had been a Puritan Utopia
was now a royal colony and came under direct
control of the British crown.
Now allowing England to take sanctions against
Massachusetts.
This allowed England to punish those merchants
who continued to disobey English laws by
smuggling their goods.

King James II who would succeeded Charles revoked
the charters of Connecticut, and Rhode Island and
merged them with Massachusetts and Plymouth to
create a royal province called the Dominion of
New England.
New York and New Jersey also would become part of
this Dominion.
The king would abolish the colonial assemblies
and appointed the provinces governor and
councilors.

11
Dominion of New England

King James II appointed Sir Edmund Andros to be
the first governor-general.
Andros a former soldier and governor of New York
was loyal to the king.
His contempt for the Puritan religion and his
determination to overturn the systems of
government in the colonies heightened tensions
there.

Andros declared all deeds and land titles issued
under the Massachusetts charter invalid, and if
anyone wanted a new deed they would have to pay
an annual tax to the government.

13
Why did James II created the Dominion of New
England?

Merged the colonies into one province as a
punishment to the New England Colonies for
refusing to abide by the Navigation Acts.

14
Glorious Revolution of 1668

Many people in England opposed King James II.
The king often refused the advice of Parliament
and openly practiced Catholicism.
Parliament leaders feared another civil war.

James insisted upon his divine right to rule.
(Catholic)
What is divine right?
God gave him the power and only God can take the
power away.
James's Protestant daughter Mary and her husband
William, were to succeed James on the throne.

16
Glorious Revolution of 1668

Parliament was unwilling to have a Catholic
dynasty so it asked William and Mary to assume
the throne.
When William arrived James fled and William
became king.
This bloodless change of power became known as
the Glorious Revolution.

Before William and Mary took the throne they had
swear to obey the laws of Parliament.
In 1689 Parliament would read a English Bill of
Rights to William and Mary on what was required
of them. This would abolish the kings absolute
power to suspend laws and create his own courts.

2
18
England Loosens the Reins

After 1688 England largely turned its attention
away from the colonies and toward France which
was competing with England for control of Europe.
The home country still expected the colonies to
perform their duties of exporting raw materials
and goods.
As long as they did this Parliament had little
reason to devote large amounts of money and large
numbers of soldiers to aggressively enforcing its
colonial laws.

19
Salutary Neglect

England would usher in new policies of neglect
with an attempt to increase its control over
colonies.
In the years immediately following the Glorious
Revolution Parliament strengthened the Navigation
Acts in two ways
1. Moved smuggling trials from the colonial
courts to admiralty courts.
2. It created the Board of trade and advisory
board with powers to monitor colonial trade.

While England appeared to loosen its grip on the
colonies.
English officials only lightly enforced the new
measures as they settled into an overall colonial
policy that became known as salutary neglect.
Salutary meant beneficial and Neglect meant that
England relaxed is enforcement of most
regulations in return for the continued economic
loyalty of the colonies.

The colonies and England both benefited from
salutary neglect-
Colonies
Enjoyed greater freedom
England
Decreased administrative costs
Continued to received raw materials and retained
a market for manufactured goods

1
22
The Agricultural South

In the Southern colonies a predominantly
agricultural society developed.
A cash crop grown primarily for market rather
than a famers use.
What would be one of the main cash crops grown in
Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina?
Tobacco
In South Carolina and Georgia would be rice and
later indigo.

The long deep Southern rivers allowed planters to
ship their goods directly without the need for
city docks and warehouses.
Due to a large growth in the entire colonies
export trade, caused a significant rise in
colonial standards during the 18th century.
Colonist along the Chesapeake where tobacco
prices had fell dramatically saw the greatest
economic boom from 1713 to 1774.

24
The Role of Women

Women in Southern society and Northern society
shared a common trait they were considered
second-class citizens.
Women had few if any legal or social rights. They
could not vote nor preach.
Even daughters of wealthy Southern planters were
usually taught only the basics of reading,
writing and arithmetic.

Instead of the basic education women were taught
the more social graces or in domestic task such
as canning and preserving food, sewing and
embroidery.
The average Southern women worked over a hot fire
baking bread or boiling meat.
Her outdoor duties included milking the cows,
slaughtering pigs, and tending to the garden.
She was also expected to wash clothes, and clean
the house.
Women of the planter class escaped most of these
task as servants took care of the household
chores.
Regardless of their class women were expected to
bow to their husbands.

26
Slavery Becomes Entrenched

The English colonists gradually turned to the use
of African slaves people who were considered
property of others after efforts to meet their
labor needs with enslaved Native Americans and
indentured servants had failed.
During the 1600s and 1700s plantation owners and
other colonists would subject hundreds of
thousands Africans to a life of intense labor and
cruelty in North America.

3
27

African slaves were though to be economical in
the long run Africans were also thought better
able to endure the harsh physical demands of
plantation labor in hot climates.
Before the English began the large-scale
importation of African slaves to their colonies
the slave had been laboring for years in the West
Indies.
During the 17th century Africans had become part
of a transatlantic trading network known as what?
Triangular trade

The triangular trade referred to a three-way
trading process merchants carried rum and other
goods from New England to Africa in Africa they
traded their merchandise for slaves whom they
transported to the West Indies for molasses these
goods were shipped to New England where they
distilled it into rum.
The voyage that brought the Africans to the West
Indies and later to North America was known as
what?
Middle Passage
It was considered the middle leg of the
transatlantic trade triangle.

Sickening cruelty characterized this journey.
In the ports European traders branded African
with red hot irons for identification purpose and
packed them into the dark holds of the ships.
On the ships they would be victim to whippings,
and beatings from slavers as well diseases across
the ship.
The smell of blood, sweat, vomit and human waste.

Africans who survived their ocean voyage entered
an extremely difficult life of bondage in North
America.
Most slaves probably 80-90 percent worked in
fields.
The 10-20 percent were domestic slaves they
cooked, cleaned and raised the masters children.
Slave owners would whip and beat those slaves who
were disobedient or disrespectful.
In Virginia the courts did not consider slave
owners guilty of murder for killing their slaves
during punishment.

The Africans who were transported to North
America came from a variety of different cultures
and spoke a varied languages.
Not only did they bring with them their culture
they also brought with them the agricultural
skills and crops one of them was rice.
Africans retained several aspects of their
culture they were musical traditions, stories
told by their ancestors, religious dance and
rituals.

32
Resistance and Revolt

Enslaved Africans also resisted their positions
of subservience.
Throughout the colonies slaves faked illness
broke tools, and staged work slowdowns.
Some slaves even pushed for uprisings against
their masters.

The Stono Rebellion began September 1739 when 20
slaves gathered at the Stono River with guns, and
other weapons staged a rebellion killing several
planation owners and their families they then
headed South.
Slaves would be caught in Florida where they
would be executed.

34
The Commercial North

The Northern colonies developed a predominantly
urban society, based on commerce and trade.
The theory of mercantilism held that colonies
existed only to help the home country mass
wealth.
From 1650 to 1750 the colonies economy grew
twice as fast as Great Britain's economy did.
Much of this growth occurred in the New England
and middle colonies.

Unlike farms in the South , those in the New
England and middle colonies usually produced
several crops instead of a single one.
A diverse commercial economy also developed in
the New England and Middle colonies.
Grinding wheat, harvesting fish, sawing lumber,
and shipbuilding were some of the industries that
developed in the North.
The expansion of trade caused port cities to
grow.
There was only one major port in the South
Charles Town
(Charleston)while in the North had Boston, New
York, and Philadelphia.

36
Northern Society Is Diverse

Northern society was composed of diverse groups
with sometimes conflicting interests.
Groups whose interests clashed with those of the
people in power included immigrants, African
Americans, and women.
There were negative and positive effects with the
growing ethic diversity within the colonies.
Negative- Conflict and distrust between the
different groups
Positive- Creation of a diverse society.

37
Women in Northern Society

As in the South, women in the North had extensive
work responsibilities but few legal rights.
Most people into the colonies still lived on
farms, where women faced unceasing labor.
A colonial wife had virtually no legal rights.
She could not vote.
Most women could not enter into contracts, buy or
sell property, or keep their own wages if they
worked outside the home.
In New religion as well as the laws kept women
under the husbands rule.

38
Witchcraft Trials in Salem

In February 1692, several Salem girls accused a
West Indian slave woman, Tituba of practicing
witchcraft.
The strict limitations on womens roles, combined
with social tensions the strained relationships
with Native Americans, and religious fanaticism
were all the underlying causes of the Salem witch
hunts of 1692.

39
New Ideas Influence the Colonist

The Salem trials of 1692 caused many people to
question the existence of witchcraft.
During the 1700s individuals began to make
changes in the way they viewed the world.
Science before the Renaissance, philosophers in
Europe had been using reason and scientific
methods to obtain knowledge.
Ideas about nature gained prevalence in the 1700s
in a movement called the Enlightenment.

Enlightenment ideas traveled from Europe to the
colonies and would be spread through books and
pamphlets.
Literacy was particularly high in New England
because the Puritans had supported education and
wanted everyone to be able to read the Bible.
One of the Enlightenment figures was Benjamin
Franklin who embraced the notion of obtaining
truth through experimentation and reasoning.

3
41

The Enlightenment also had a profound effect on
political thought in the colonies.
Colonial leaders such as Thomas Jefferson used
reason to conclude that individuals have natural
rights, which governments must respect.
What are those natural rights?
Life , Liberty, and property-(Pursuit of
happiness)

The Enlightenment led people to conclude that
individuals have natural rights that governments
must respect Enlightenment principles led many
colonies to question the authority of the British
monarchy. This would led to a revolutionary
movement.

43
The Great Awakening
2

By the early 1700s the Puritan Church had lost
its grip on society and church membership was
declining.
The new Massachusetts charter of 1691 forced
Puritans to allow freedom of worship and banned
the practice of permitting Puritan church members
to vote.
Jonathon Edwards preached that church attendance
was not enough for salvation people must
acknowledge their sinfulness and feel Gods love
for them.

The religious revival known as the Great
Awakening lasted from 1730s to 1740s.
The preachers of the Great Awakening challenged
the regular cleric of the colonies.
While the clerics at first welcomed the visiting
preachers they soon found that the teachings of
the traveling ministers contradicted their own.
Many of the congregations split into two
factions Old Lights adherents of traditional
religious teaching and New Lights followers of
evangelistic preachers such as George Whitefield.

George Whitefield in his sermons would first play
the role of God and then switch to the role of
the devil.
Enlightenment and Great Awakening caused people
to question traditional authority.
These movements helped lead the colonist to
question Britains authority over their lives.
The great Awakening brought many colonists, as
well as Native Americans and African Americans
into organized Christian Churches for the first
time.

46
The French and Indian War

British victory over the French in North America
enlarged the British empire but led to new
conflicts with the colonist.
In 1750s, France was Great Britain's biggest
rival in the struggle to build a world empire and
one major area of contention between them was the
rich Ohio River Valley.
The colonist favored Great Britain because they
thought of themselves as British as well they
were eager to expand the colonies westward from
increasingly crowded Atlantic seaboard.

France had begun its North American empire in
1535 when Jacques Cartier explored the St.
Lawrence River.
In 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded the town of
Quebec the first permanent French settlement in
North America.
From the start the French colonies in North
America was unlike the British in they focused on
fur trade rather than on settlements, also the
French had friendly relations with the Native
Americans.

48
British Defeats an Old Enemy

In the 1740s the British and French had become
interested in the Ohio River Valley.
As the French Empire in North America expanded,
it collide with the growing British empire.
In 1754 the French-British conflicts would
reignite.
In that year the French built Fort Duquesne at
the point where the Allegheny and Monongahela
rivers join to form the Ohio- the site of modern
day Pittsburgh.
The Virginia governor sent militia to evict the
French out of the area.

The small band, led by an ambitious 22 year old
office named George Washington he was to
establish an outpost called Ft. Necessity 40
miles from Ft. Duquesne.
In May 1754, Washington's militia attacked a
small detachment of French soldiers, and the
French counterattacked.
In the battle that would follow in July the
French would force Washington to surrender.
The battle at Ft. Necessity would be the opening
of the French and Indian War.

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52
Early French Victories

A year after his defeat Washington again headed
into this time as an aide to the British General
Edward Braddock whose mission was to drive the
French out of the Ohio River Valley.
He would be ambushed by the French and Indians.
The British was not accustom to the guerrilla
warfare used by the French and Indians.
Washington would rally the troops and save them
from total devastation.

53
Pitt and The Iroquios Turn the Tide

Angered by the French victories Britain King
George II selected new leaders to run his
government in 1757.
One of these was William Pitt an energetic, self
confident politician.
Under Pitt the British finally started to winning
battles. These victories would gain support of
the powerful Iroquois.

In September 1759 the war took a dramatic turn in
favor of the British at the battle known as the
Plains of Abraham just outside Quebec.
The French and Indian War officially ended in
1763 with the Treaty of Paris.
Great Britain claimed Canada and virtually all of
North America east of the Mississippi River. This
would change the balance of power in North
America.

55
Victory Brings New Problems

Claiming ownership of the Ohio River Valley
brought Britain trouble.
Native Americans feared that the growing number
of British settlers crossing the Appalachian
mountains would soon drive away the game they
depended on for survival.
In the spring of 1763 the Ottawa leader Pontiac
recognized that the French loss was a loss for
the Native Americans.

Led by Pontiac, Native American captured eight
British forts in the Ohio Valley and laid siege
to two others.
British used biological warfare by presenting two
Delaware chiefs with smallpox-infected blankets.
The virus spread rapidly throughout the Native
Americans.
Weaken by disease and war most Native American
groups negotiated treaties with the British by
the end of 1765.

To avoid further conflicts with Native Americans
the British government issued the Proclamation of
1763, which banned all settlement west of the
Appalachians.
This ban established a Proclamation Line which
the colonists were not to cross.
The British could not enforce this ban any more
effectively than they could enforce the
Navigation Acts and colonists continued to move
west onto Native American lands.

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59

The Proclamation Line of 1763 sought to stop the
colonists expansion westward this convinced the
colonists that the British did not care about
their needs.
By 1763 the tension between the colonists in
Massachusetts and the British was increasing.
During the French and Indian War the British had
cracked down on the colonists and the smuggling
activity.
In 1761 the governor of Massachusetts had
authorized the writs of assistance . What is the
writs of assistance?
Were court orders that authorized customs
officers to conduct general (non-specific)
searches of premises for contraband.

After the French and Indian War the British
stationed some 10,000 troops in its territories
to control the Native Americans.
Although this was meant to protect the colonists
they saw it as a standing army which could turn
on them.
Hoping to lower to debt King George II chose a
financial expert George Greenville to serve as
prime minister in 1763.
Soon Greenville angered merchants throughout the
colonies.

1
61

In 1764 Greenville prompted Parliament to enact a
law known as the Sugar Act. This act would impose
three things
It halved the duty on foreign-made molasses.
It placed duties on certain imports.
It strengthened the enforcement of the law
allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in
vice-admiralty court rather than in a colonial
court.

The woodcut drawing entitled 'Join or Die'
pictures a divided snake in eight pieces
representing as many colonial governments.
The cartoon appeared along with Franklins
editorial about the "disunited state" of the
colonies, and helped make his point about the
importance of colonial unity.
This cartoon was used in the French and Indian
War to symbolize that the colonies needed to join
together with British to defeat the French and
Indians.
It became a symbol of colonial freedom during the
American Revolutionary War.

63
The End
64
Test Review
65

_____ and its largely self-governing colonies
proposed under a mutually beneficial trade
relationship.
England
The ____ of self-governing colonies was the
forerunner of our modern system of self
governing states.
Colonial System
Although many colonists benefited from the trade
relationship with the home country, the real
purpose of the colonial system was to enrich___.
Britain
The British interest in establishing colonies was
influenced by the theory of ______ which held
that countrys ultimate goal was self-sufficiency
and that all countries were in a competition to
acquire the most gold and silver.
Mercantile system

The colonists exported to England large amounts
of raw materials and staples- lumber, furs, fish
and __.
Tobacco
Beginning in 1651 Englands Parliament the
countrys legislative body, passed the ____ a
series of laws restricting trade to English
colonial trade.
Navigation Act
In 1684 after failing to persuade ___ to obey
English laws, England revoked the colonys
corporate charter.
Massachusetts
England punished _____ because many colonial
merchants continued to smuggle goods to disobey
English laws.
) Massachusetts

James II who succeeded his brother on the English
throne in 1685 asserted royal authority and
punishing the merchants of New England by merging
Massachusetts, Plymouth and Rhode Island together
forming a new royal province called the__.
Dominion of New England
King James II appointed _____ to be the first
governor- general over the royal province.
Sir Edmund Andros
Parliament invited _____ and ____ to take the
throne in England.
William/Mary
The bloodless change of power became known as the
__.
Glorious Revolution
The _____ abolished the kings absolute power to
suspend laws and create his own courts.
English Bill of Rights

In the _____ a predominantly agricultural society
developed.
Southern Colonies
A ____ one grown primarily for sale than for the
farmers use.
Cash Crop
How did the geography of the South contribute to
the self sufficiency of Southern plantations?
The long deep Southern rivers allowed planters to
ship their goods directly.
How did colonial standards of living rise so
dramatically in the 18th century?
There was a large growth in colonies export
trade.
The English colonist gradually turned to the use
of _____ people who were considered property of
others.
Enslaved

During the 17th century Africans had become part
of a transatlantic trading network described as
the __.
triangular trade
The voyage that brought Africans to the West
Indies and later to North America was known as
the ____ because it was considered the middle leg
of the transatlantic trade triangle.
Middle passage
____ was an important crop in West Africa for
centuries before the slave trade.
Rice
The __ who were transported to North America came
from a variety of different cultures and spoke
varied languages.
Africans
The____ began on September 1739 when 20 slaves
gathered together killing planter families.
Stono Rebellion
The Northern colonies developed a predominantly
____ based on commerce and trade.
Urban Society

From 1650 to 1750 the colonies _____grew twice
as fast as Great Britains.
Economy
Only one major port _____ existed in the South.
Charles Town
A colonial ___ had virtually no legal rights.
Wife
Why was the Enlightenment such a revolutionary
movement?
Led to people to conclude that individuals have
natural rights that governments must respect.
One of the Enlightenment figures was ___ who
embraced the notion of obtaining truth through
experimentation and reasoning.
Benjamin Franklin

By the early 1700s the ________ had lost its grip
on society and church membership was declining.
Puritan Church
_______preached that church attendance was not
enough for salvation people must acknowledge
their sinfulness and feel Gods love for them.
Jonathan Edwards
The religious revival known as the ____ lasted
from 1730s to 1740s.
Great Awakening
_____in his sermons would first play the role of
God and then switch to the role of the devil.
George Whitefield

___ and ___caused people to question traditional
authority.
Enlightenment/Great Awakening
The British victory over the ____ in North
America enlarged the British Empire but led to
new conflicts with the colonist.
French
In 1750s ____ was Great Britains biggest rival
in the struggle to build a world empire and one
major area of contention between them was the
rich Ohio River Valley.
France
The __ favored Great Britain because they still
thought of themselves as British.
Colonists
____ was Frances first permanent settlement in
North America.
Quebec

_______established an outpost called Fort
Necessity.
George Washington
The battle at Fort Necessity was the opening of
the__.
French and Indian War
_______was an energetic, self confident
politician instrumental in British victories,
prompt the Iroquois to support him
William Pitt
The French and Indian War officially ended with
the____
Treaty of Paris
What were the years of the French and Indian War?
1754-1763
What was another name for the French and Indian
War?
Seven Years War

In the spring of 1763 the Ottawa leader
____recognized the French loss was a loss for
Native Americans.
Pontiac
The ____ which banned all settlement west of the
Appalachians.
Proclamation of 1763
Hoping to lower the debt, King George III chose a
financial expert,_ to serve as prime minister in
1763.
George Greenville
Why were the colonists afraid of the troops
stationed in Britains new territory?
Afraid that the troops might be used against them
Who drew the political cartoon Join or Die?
Benjamin Franklin

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