Title: Media, Crime, and Criminal Justice
1Media, Crime, and Criminal Justice
- Dr. Matt Robinson
- CJ 3532
- Injustice in America
- Appalachian State University
2What are the Media?
- Wide range of sources of news and entertainment
- Includes TV, radio, newspapers, magazines,
Internet, etc. - Mainstream media are easily, inexpensively, and
simultaneously accessible to large segments of
the population. - Even intrusive to our lives??? (consider DC
sniper stories pp. 131-132)
3What are the Media?
- Mainstream media are arranged within a hierarchy
of controlling institutions - They have an inner ring, middle ring, and an
outer ring
4What are the Media?
- Inner ring media have the most impact on us
- They are the most watched, heard, read, etc.
- Examples? (see p. 124)
5What are the Media?
- Inner ring media owned by large corporations (see
pp. 126-127) - GE owns NBC, CNBC, and part of MSNBC
- AOL/Time Warner owns CNN, Headline News, CNNfn,
CNNSI - Walt Disney owns ABC, ESPN, ESPN2
- Viacom owns CBS, MTV, MTV2
- News Corporation owns Fox, Fox News Channel
6What are the Media?
- Why is corporate ownership of the media
problematic? - Many viewers are unaware that the crime news
they see on TV is the version that large
corporations choose to air. Would it be logical
to expect these corporations to focus on their
own acts of deviance ? there is substantial
evidence that the media tend to ignore corporate
crimes.
7What are the Media?
- US corporations, through the inner ring of
media outlets they own and control, define
problems, identify crises, and thereby determine
what issues will be brought to the attention of
political leaders and US citizens. - the media have a direct impact on policies,
including criminal justice activity, because they
set limits on the breadth of ideological views
that enter the policy-making debate in the United
States. The media also choose which stories to
emphasize and which to ignore
8What are the Media?
- This does not mean the media tell us what to
think! - Instead, they tell us what to think about!
- Coverage concern
- No coverage no concern
9An Example Drugs in 1980s
101) The Media Invent Problems
- See p. 125 for example on terrorism
11How Crime Problems Get Created
- Socially constructed (invented)
- From objective facts
- Blown out of proportion to actual threat
- Problem is typified
- Linked to other social problems
- Typically related to powerless groups
- e.g., crack babies
- Policy is created (e.g., law)
- Legitimated through MEDIA
12e.g., Crack Cocaine in 1980s
- NEW YORK TIMES cover story announced arrival in
Nov. 1985 - NYT crack stories increased from 43 (last 6
months of 1985) to 92 (first 6 moths of 1986) to
220 (second 6 months of 1986) - Significance of NYT?
13New York Times
- Part of the inner ring of media
- inner ring media DETERMINE what is newsworthy
14After NYT
- 1986
- CBS 48 Hours on Crack Street
- NBCs Cocaine Country
- ( 400 other stories on it in 6 months)
- Time and Newsweek ran 5 cover stories
- April 1986 Cocaine The Big Lie (NIDA)
- 13 public service announcements
- Aired between 1,500 and 2,500 times on 75 local
networks
15After NYT
- July 1986 Big 3 ran 74 stories on nightly news
- Nov. 1986 1,000 stories in papers and magazines
on crack - biggest story since Vietnam, plague,
national epidemic, criminogenic
16After NYT
- Other news agencies PARROT the NYT
17And politicians
- Passed laws as a result
- e.g., Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986
- Created 1001 sentencing disparity (powder v.
crack) - Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988
- Created Office of National Drug Control Policy
(ONDCP)
18Why is crack war problematic?
- Invented
- Media, politicians
- Inaccurate
- Crack use rare, isolated to inner-city
- Cocaine use actually declined during time
19Why is crack war problematic?
- Dishonest (not transparent)
- Pro get tough
- Pro status quo
- Moral panic / Feeding frenzy
20Newsweeks Coke Plague Story(March 17, 1986)
Shocking Numbers and Graphic Accounts Quantified
Images of Drug Problems in the Print Media James
D. Orcutt J. Blake Turner Social Problems,
Vol. 40, No. 2. (May, 1993), pp. 190-206.
21Newsweeks Coke Plague Story(March 17, 1986)
- Panel A actual data (depicts lifetime use not
current use)
22Newsweeks Coke Plague Story(March 17, 1986)
- Panel B editorial deletions
- Cut out large increases in late 1970s
- Cut out foundation or context of data
23Newsweeks Coke Plague Story(March 17, 1986)
- Panel C tinkering with figure
- Made a finer Y scale (makes increase look
larger)
24Newsweeks Coke Plague Story(March 17, 1986)
- Panel D more tinkering with figure
- Added depth (3-D) to make look larger
- Called it a plague
25(No Transcript)
26ACTUAL Cocaine Use(MTF, 12th graders)
Current Users
27I CAN DO THIS TOO!!!
28Crack Cocaine Use(NHSDU 12 years)
29Crack Cocaine Use(NHSDU 12 years)
RUN!!! SAVE YOUR KIDS!!!
30CRACK BABIES
31CRACK BABIES
- Facts
- Yes, crack is bad for babies
- So is using cigarettes or alcohol
- So is poor health care, bad diet, stress during
pregnancy, poverty - Original studies FLAWED and now FALSIFIED
322) The Media are Inaccurate
33Media Coverage of Crime
- Crime coverage is inaccurate focus is on
- Violent
- Random
- Unusual, bizarre
- If it bleeds, it leads! (see pp. 134-137)
34For example, school violence
35For example, school violence
Source Indicators of School Crime and Violence
2004. http//nces.ed.gov/pubs2005/crime_safe04/fig
ures.asp
36For example, homeless beatings
37For example, homeless beatings
38Media Coverage of Crime
- Far less focus on corporate and white-collar
crime - this is problematic because the media serve
as the major source of information about crime or
most people
39Media Coverage of Crime
- Also very little context provided
- Consider terrorism (see pp. 140-142)
http//www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/CitizenGuidance
HSAS2.pdf
40Media Coverage of Crime
- Outcomes include increased
- Perceptions of risk
- Fear
- Distrust
- Insecurity
41Media Coverage of Criminal Justice
- Criminal justice coverage is inaccurate
- Most focus is on early steps of CJ process
(policing) - Less focus on courts and corrections
- Court coverage implies adjudication occurs
through formal means (trials) - Little to no coverage of corrections
- Reinforces support for Crime Control model of
criminal justice