Coronavirus Information Guide

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CoronaVirus Profile
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Human corona virus infections
Origins
Human coronaviruses were first identified in the
mid-1960s
People around the world commonly get infected
with four human coronaviruses 229E (alpha
coronavirus), NL63 (alpha coronavirus) OC43 (beta
coronavirus) HKU1 (beta coronavirus)
Spread
Usually they cause mild to moderate
upper-respiratory tract illnesses, like the
common cold
Symptoms
Sometimes coronaviruses that infect animals
evolve and become a new human coronavirus, SARS-Co
V beta coronavirus that causes severe acute
respiratory syndrome, or SARS MERS-CoV (the beta
coronavirus that causes Middle East Respiratory
Syndrome, or MERS
Types
SARS-CoV-2 (the novel coronavirus that causes
coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19 2019 -
current)
Profile
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Coronaviruses
Large family of viruses that are common in people
and many different species of animals, including
camels, cattle, cats, and bats most of the
coronaviruses in humans are derived from the bat
reservoir
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The name "coronavirus" is derived from Latin
corona, meaning "crown", itself a borrowing from
Greek ?????? kor?ne the name refers to the
characteristic appearance of virions (the
infective form of the virus) by electron
microscopy
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In humans, several coronaviruses are known to
cause respiratory infections ranging from the
common cold to more severe diseases such as
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
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The most recently discovered coronavirus causes
has been named SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and the
disease it causes has been named coronavirus
disease 2019 (abbreviated COVID-19)
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Coronaviruses

• Positive-stranded RNA viruses
• Long RNA genome 27-32 kb

SARS-CoV virion Four structural proteins S, E,
M, N
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Virus profile SARS-CoV 2
The two types of SARS-CoV-2 showed differences in
temporal and spatial distributions.
Tang et al. National Science Review 2020
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Four genera of coronaviruses alpha-, beta-,
delta-, gamma-
Common circulating respiratory viruses in
humans Zoonotic viruses with varying
pathogenicity in humans
Gorbalena et. al. 2020 BioRxiv
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Only alpha- and beta- coronaviruses are known to
infect humans

• Common coronaviruses (endemic)
• Mild symptoms (i.e. cold), circulate in human
  populations
• 229E (alpha) endemic reports in the 1960s
• NL63 (alpha) discovered in 2005
• OC43 (beta) endemic reports in the 1960s
• HKU1 (beta) discovered in 2006
• Other coronaviruses (epidemic)
• Outbreaks with high case fatalities
• MERS (beta) emerged in 2012
• SARS-CoV (beta) emerged in 2003
• SARS-CoV-2 (beta) emerged in 2019

Human coronavirus reservoirs and intermediate
hosts
https//www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/types.html Corman
et al. 2018 Advances in Virus Research
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COVID-19 What is it and where did it come from?
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious
disease caused by a newly discovered
coronavirus. Most people infected with the
COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate
respiratory illness and recover without requiring
special treatment. The COVID-19 virus spreads
primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge
from the nose when an infected person coughs or
sneezes, so its important that you also practice
respiratory etiquette (for example, by coughing
into a flexed elbow). Protect yourself and others
from infection by washing your hands or using an
alcohol based rub frequently and not touching
your face.
The first confirmed case found in Wuhan
Dr. Zhang obtained the full sequence of the viral
nucleic acid
Beijing, Shanghai other places initiated
first-level response
Vulcan hill hospital began to accept COVID-19
patients
Dec 31,2019
Jan 24,2020
Jan 30,2020
COVID-19
Dec 07,2019
Jan 05,2020
Jan 25,2020
Feb 04,2020
Identified as a new coronavirus infection
Evidence suggest COVID-19 originates from wildlife
WHO declared the outbreak of a public health
emergency international concern
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In December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases
were reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.1
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Progression of the outbreak soon suggested that
person-to-person transmission was also occurring.1
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Series of Events
By January 7, 2020, the causative pathogen was
isolated and identified as novel coronavirus
(previously known as 2019-nCOV, and currently as
SARS-CoV-2).2
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The outbreak was declared a Public Health
Emergency of International Concern on 30 January
2020.3
On 11 February 2020, WHO announced a name for the
new coronavirus disease COVID-19.3 And with the
current status of spread of the disease, WHO
characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11,
2020.3
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A little bit of history
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SARS CoV
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus
(SARS-CoV) first emerged from China in late
2002/2003 no cases of SARS-CoV have been
detected since 2004 the case fatality rate of
SARS-CoV was around 10
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MERS CoV
The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus
(MERS-CoV) first appeared in 2012 MERS-CoV
continues to circulate with 2,499 reported cases
and 861 deaths as of December 2019 the case
fatality rate of MERS-CoV is 35
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Thank You