Information:

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Information

• any resource such as a document, book, or other
  format required by the researcher that
  informs, and ontributes to extending their
  knowledge

2
Technology

• Technology is a broad concept that deals with the
  usage and knowledge of tools and crafts

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Introduction to Information Technology

• What is Information Technology (IT) or
  Information System (IS)?
• is a computerized system that processes data
  (facts) and produces information. This process is
  defined as an information processing cycle (IPC).
  
• The information processing cycle consists of four
  operations
• - input
• - process
• - output
• - storage
• IT is also defined as the
  development, installation, and implementation of
  computer systems and applications.

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Components of Information technology

• 1- Computers
• 2- Softwares
• 3- Data
• 2- Workstations (Client Servers)
• 3- Servers
• 4- Operating Systems (Platforms)
• 5- Netwworks
• 6- Telecommunications
• 7- Trained personnel,
• 8- Procedures.

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Computers
What Is a Computer? A computer is a machine that
can run programs to carry out a wide range of
tasks.
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Components of Information technologyComputers

• Computers (hardware) can be classified into five
  categories
• Microcomputers (Personal Computers (PC))
• Midrange Computers (or Minicomputers)
• Mainframe Computers
• Supercomputers
• Servers

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Computers

• Personal Computers (Microcomputers) PC
• Nonportable (Tower, Desktop)
• - Portable computers (laptop, notebook,
  subnotebook, and penbased handheld, PDA )

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Computers

• Personal Computers (Microcomputers) PC
• IBM compatible system
• Apple system
• These two systems use different platforms
  (operating systems) to control the hardware.

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Computers

• Personal Computers (Microcomputers) PC
• IBM Compatible uses Windows operating system
  developed by Microsoft.
• The Windows operating system provides a
  graphical user interface (GUI)and a multitasking
  environment. The Windows operating
  systemincluding Windows 98, Windows 2000, and
  Windows XP workstation

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Computers

• Personal Computers (Microcomputers) PC
• IBM compatible system and Apple system
• use different platforms (operating systems)
• to control the hardware.

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Computers

• Personal Computers (Microcomputers) PC
• Apple Macintosh uses a totally different
  operating system developed by Apple Computer.
• Newer Apple operating systems are able to run
  Windows-based applications.

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Mainframe Computer
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Midrange Computer
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Microcomputer or PCs
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Computer Hardwres Outside
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Computer Hardwares Inside
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Computer Accessories

• Disks
• Backup Tapes
• Printers (Laser, Inkjet, Dot matrix/impact)
• Modem
• Network Cards
• Trackball
• Light pen
• Touch screen
• Joystick
• Scanner
• Digital Camera
• Microphone
• Sound Cards
• Speakers

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Computer input and output devices
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Computer Peripherals
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Computer Memory and Storage

• RAM (Random Acees Memory
• ROM (Read Only Memory)
• Hard Disks
• Formatting a Disk

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Computer Bytes and Bits
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Computer Bytes and Bits
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Computer memory sizes
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Workstations

• All of the user computers connected to a network
  are called workstations. A typical workstation is
  a computer that is configured with a network
  interface card, networking software, and the
  appropriate cables. Workstations do not
  necessarily need floppy disk drives because files
  can be saved on the file server. Almost any
  computer can serve as a network workstation.

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Computers

• SUPERCOMPUTERS
• A large, expensive computer that does one thing
  (or few things) really quickly, like weather
  forecasting, or running a nuclear power plant.

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Computers

• Servers

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Computers
Servers Servers are more powerful computer
systems that provide a service to the network.
They run a Network Operating System like Windows
NT, Windows 2000, Windows 2003, UNIX, Linux
or Novell. Servers provide services such as
e-mail, internet access, directory services,
security and much more. Any computer can function
as a server. Some typical servers include an
Applications Server, a Proxy Server, a Database
Server, a File Server, a Web Server, etc. A
server is a computer device that resides on a
network performing various services.
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Computers

• Types of Servers
• File Server
• Web Server
• Mail Server
• FTP Server

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Computers

• Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
• Any small mobile hand held device that provides
  computing and information storage and retrieval
  for personal or business use, often for keeping
  schedule calendars and address book information
  handy. Most PDAs have a small keyboard. Some have
  an electronically sensitive pad you can write on
  with a special pen.

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Softwares

• Program Languages

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Softwares

• System Softwares
• The Operating System (OS),
• Utility programs,
• Language processors.
• Application Softwares
• to prepare a document,
• to design a financial worksheet,
• or to create a useful database.

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Operating Systems (OS)

• PCS
• DOS
• Windows 95
• Windows 98
• Windows ME
• Windows XP
• Windows Vista

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Operating Systems (OS)

• Network Operating Systems
• Windows NT
• Windows 2000 Server
• Windows 2003 Server
• Windows 2008 Server
• UNIX
• LINUX (red hat)
• HP-UX
• SOLARIS
• Novell Netware

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Operating Systems (OS)

• Network Operating Systems
• UNIX (UNiplexed Information and Computing
  Service)
• There are three layers to UNIX
• Kernel
• Shell
• Application

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Operating Systems (OS)

• Network Operating Systems
• LINUX
• Based on UNIX, open source code,
• The most widely known editions of Linux are Red
  Hat Advanced Server and Advanced Workstation.

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Networks System Architecture
What is a Computer Network? A Network is as
simple as two computers or more connected by a
cable in order to share resources (information
and peripherlas like CDs, printers, scanners and
)
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Types of Networks

• LAN Local Area Network
• WAN Wide Area Network
• MAN Metropolitan Area
• SAN Storage Area Network
• - WLAN Wireless Local Area Network is

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Types of Networks

• A Local Area Network (LAN)
• is a network that is confined to a relatively
  small area. It is generally limited to a
  geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or
  building. Rarely are LAN computers more than a
  mile apart.

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Types of Networks

• Wide Area Networks (WANs)
• connect larger geographic areas, such as
  Florida, the United States, or the world.
  Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite
  uplinks may be used to connect this type of
  network.

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Types of Networks

• MAN
• Short for Metropolitan Area Network, a data
  network designed for a town or city. In terms of
  geographic breadth, MANs are larger than
  local-area networks (LANs), but smaller than
  wide-area networks (WANs). MANs are usually
  characterized by very high-speed connections
  using fiber optical cable or other digital media.
  

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Types of Networks

• SAN Storage Area Network
• SAN is a high-speed subnetwork of shared storage
  devices that is attached to servers on a LAN or
  WAN and interconnects different data storage
  devices with associated data servers for a large
  network.
• SANs support disk mirroring, backup and restore,
  archival and retrieval of archived data, data
  migration from one storage device to another, and
  the sharing of data among different servers in a
  network.

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Types of Networks

• - WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

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Network Topolgy

• - Physical Topology
• - Logical Topology

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Network Topolgy

• - Physical Topology
• Linear Bus
• Ring
• STAR

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Network Topolgy

• - Logical Topology
• Peer to Peer
• Client / Server

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Network Protocols

• TCP/IP (Transaction Control Protocol/Internet
  Protocol) A transaction standard used in
  software for ommunications.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Transfers files
  between local and remote computers.
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) Exchanges
  information over the Web.
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
  Transfers mail from e-mail servers to a client
  computer.

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Network Protocols

• SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) Provides secure
  data transfer over the internet.
• DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) A method to
  bring high bandwidth information over existing
  telephone lines.
• Telnet (Telecommunication Network) Permits
  users logged on to one host to log on to another
  host.
• FIREWALL A network security system used to
  block certain kinds of internet traffic.
• ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) A
  standard communications network used instead of
  analog or modems. It integrates data and digital
  signals.

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Databases

• Common Databases
• ACCESS
• DB2
• SYBASE
• ORACLE
• SQL SERVER
• INFORMIX
• FOCUS
• IDMS/DB
• IMS/DB
• ABADAS
• Data Warehouse

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Computer Languages

• COBOL
• FORTRAN FOCUS
• NATURAL
• SQL
• C
• C
• C
• JAVA
• ASSEMBLER
• RPG
• POWERBUILDER
• VISUAL BASIC
• VB SCRIPT
• HTML
• XML
• PERL
• ACTIVEX

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Compter Languages .NET
.NET is a set of Microsoft software technologies
for connecting information, people, systems and
devices. It enables software integration through
the use of Web services. XML (Extensive Markup
language) is a universal programming language for
data exchange. It is an extension of
HTML (HyperText Markup language) that gives you
more control over content.
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Compter Languages .NET
Components of .NET include Web Services
enables easy access to server-based
applications. It allows applications to share
data and is based on Smart Clients Smart
client application software enables PCs and other
computing devices to act on Web
Services, allowing anytime, anywhere access to
information. They can update themselves
automatically to the latest software version.
Servers Microsoft provides MS Windows Server
System for deploying and managing Web services.
Developer Tools Writing scripts using
programming languages takes time, however you can
the speed up the process by using developer
tools. Microsoft Visual Basic (VB) is a
programming language and PowerBuilder is a
developer tool. Visual Basic is to PowerBuilder,
like washing windows with a pale of soap and
water is to power washing with a spray gun. You
get so much done so much faster. .Net allows you
to use C, C, C, Microsoft Visual Basic
and more languages. Microsoft Visual Studio .Net
and the Microsoft .Net Framework are Microsofts
solution for developers.
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IT Security

• There are five key areas to computer security
• Prevention The implementation of safeguards
  to a system such as cryptography and firewalls
• Detection A system of actions that take place
  after the preventative measures have taken place
  such as anti-virus and anti-spam
• Risk Avoidance Asking the hard questions up
  front about what type of security needs to be in
  place such as restrictive access to internet
  connections, or standardizing desktop
  configurations, etc.
• Deterrence Implementing strategies to reduce
  the threat of intrusion through various vehicles
  that threaten hackers or non-authorized access
  and use
• Recovery The ability to backup and restore
  full systems and applications from scratch using
  SANs (Storage Area Network)

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The Internet

• Various Communications or Services of the
  Internat
• eMail
• Gopher
• Telnet
• WWW
• FTP

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Components of Access to the Internet

• Computer
• Type of Connection MODEM, LAN, ISDN, SDL, ASDL
• Browsers
• Microsoft Explorere (IE),
• Netscape,
• FireFox,
• Opera,

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Web Design

• Webmasters are responsible for all technical
  aspects of a Web site, including performance
  issues such asspeed of access, and for approving
  site content.
• Internet Developers or Web Developers, also
  called Web Designers, are responsible for
  day-to-day site design and creation.

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Web Design
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Telecommunications

• Use of
• telephone,
• facsimile,
• and data/video transmission.

First Generation (1G) gave us analog voice
transmission, Second Generation (2G) digital
added capabilities for data, fax and
messaging, Third Generation (3G) introduced
digital mobile multimedia technology.
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Telecommunications
The Switch manages network traffic routing and
transmission. Switches can include a PBX
(Private Branch Exchange), ISDN (Integrated
Services Digital Network) switches, and ACD
(Automatic Call Distributors). A Telecom
Carrier provides local and long-distance access
to users maintaining the physical aspects of
telephone networks. The Carrier network consists
of fiber optics, satellites and circuits
connected by switches. Your voice normally
travels over a fiber-optic line to the receiving
party, but it can also be transmitted via
satellite.
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Telecommunications

• Telephony Networks
• A PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
• POTS (Plain Old Telephone System)
• DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
• VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)

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Telecommunications
Mobile Communication Mobile communication or
cellular communication uses wireless technology
and radio-frequency telephony to provide users
with the ability to send and receive telephone
calls without using the hard-line wiring of a
regular telephone. The channel from the base
station to the cellular phone is called a
downlink. The channel from the cellular phone
back to the base station is called an
uplink. There are usually thousands of base
stations in each city which use a Mobile
Telephone Switching Office (MTSO).
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Telecommunications
A Satellite is an object that revolves around a
planet in a specific path called an orbit. Our
moon is Earths natural satellite as it orbits
the Earth. A Telecommunications Satellite is a
man-made or artificial satellite that orbits the
earth. Today, there are many different types of
man-made satellites in space with varying
purposes. Types of satellites Weather
Satellite Broadcast Satellite Military or
Defense Satellite Navigational Satellite
Scientific Satellite Communication
Satellite Satellite phones, email/internet
access, Global Positioning Systems (GPS), and
Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) are just some
of the available services provided.
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Telecommunications
A Satellite in four different types of orbits
Geosynchronous or Geostationary Orbit The
satellite remains stationary over the same region
of Earth. It has an orbital altitude of
approximately 22,000 miles from the earth located
above the equator. Asynchronous Orbit The
satellite passes over the earth at different
times of the day. Polar Orbit The satellite
flies at low altitudes and passes the Earths
North Pole and South Pole on each rotation.
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) An orbital altitude that
is less than 1000 miles from earth.
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IT Job Titles/Skill Sets

• Business Analyst
• Database Administrator - Database Analyst
  Architect
• Data Warehouse Administrator
• LAN/WAN
• Project Manager
• Tester - Test Engineer - Quality Assurance or
  Control (QA/QC)
• Software Engineer - Systems Engineer
  programmer/Analyst - Developer
• Systems Programmer Systems Software Specialist
• Help Desk Manager
• Technical Writer Documentation Specialist
• Security Administrator Security Analyst
• Trainer Instructional Design
• Telecom Engineer
• Systems Engineer
• Network Engineer Network Administrator
  Systems Administrator
• Director of Information Systems Information
  Technology
• EDI Analyst
• Internet Development Webmaster Web Design

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Data

• (1) Distinct pieces of information, usually
  formatted in a special way. All software is
  divided into two general categories data and
  programs. Programs are collections of
  instructions for manipulating data. Data can
  exist in a variety of forms -- as numbers or text
  on pieces of paper, as bits and bytes stored in
  electronic memory, or as facts stored in a
  person's mind.
• Strictly speaking, data is the plural of
  datum, a single piece of information. In
  practice, however, people use data as both the
  singular and plural form of the word.

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Data Cont.

• (2) The term data is often used to distinguish
  binary machine-readable information from textual
  human-readable information. For example, some
  applications make a distinction between data
  files (files that contain binary data) and text
  files (files that contain ASCII data).

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Data Cont.

• (3) In database management systems, data files
  are the files that store the database
  information, whereas other files, such as index
  files and data dictionaries, store administrative
  information, known as metadata.

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Procedures