Education and Innovation Systems of China

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Education and Innovation Systems of China
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Some Discussion Questions

• How has China managed to spend little on
  education but achieve high education attainment
  (Table 7.A1)?
• How has the structure of financing of the
  education system in China evolved over time? Is
  it moving to the right direction?
• Why should government finance education?
• Education inequality

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• Data Three sample surveys on children by NBS.

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Cultural Revolution and Education

• Objective of the Cultural Revolution
• Effects on education system
• Disruption of high education
• Reducing inequality

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Disruption

• Reduced quality

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Reducing Education Inequality

• Rural-urban gap
• Gender gap
• Inter-generational mobility
• How was it achieved?
• People-managed schools with teachers paid by
  work points
• Free basic education
• Urban students were sent to the countryside

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Finance

• Why is the structure of finance important?
• Table 7.1
• Table 7.2
• Table 7.3
• Figure 7.1

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Quality of Education

• Table 7.4

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Education Structure

• Evolution over time
• Table 7.5

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Gender Gap

• Figure 7.2
• Figure 7.3
• Table 7.7
• Table 7.8

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Studying Abroad

• Cross-country comparison?
• Driving forces?

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Ethnicity
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Innovation Systems of China

• Table 9.3
• How has Chinas Fallen Behind in Technology?
• Elvin High-level equilibrium trap
• Lin Distraction hypothesis
• Have the mechanism of innovation fundamentally
  changed in China?

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Features of Chinas Innovation System

• Technology transfer
• Absorption of transferred technology
• Domestic innovation (Table 9.10, Table 9.12)

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History of Technology Transfer

• Pre-1949
• The socialist era
• Post-1978

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Domestic Innovation Ability

• Table 9.1
• Problem with the RD data (footnote 15)
• Table 9.2

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Some Findings about the Innovation System of China

• Large-scale technology transfer has had immediate
  and important effect on the productivity of
  Chinese economy.
• Although China clearly shows ability to absorb
  some foreign technology, technology spillover to
  domestic research sector has been limited.
  Moreover, the rate of spillover may vary widely
  across industries.
• Domestic innovation ability has improved slowly.
  Fundamental research has progressed more rapidly
  than commercial innovation.
• Resources spent on innovation system is smaller
  than most other developed economies. A bigger
  problem might be the inefficient allocation and
  usage of research resources due to top-down,
  poorly-monitored, wrongly-incentived innovation
  system.