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Why Dont People Always Help Others in Need

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presence of others leads to decreased help response ... found that if you think you're the only one that can hear or help, you are more likely to do so ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Why Dont People Always Help Others in Need


1
Why Dont People Always Help Others in Need?
  • Diffusion of responsibility
  • presence of others leads to decreased help
    response
  • we all think someone else will help, so we dont

2
Why Dont People Always Help Others in Need?
  • Latane studies
  • several scenarios designed to measure the help
    response
  • found that if you think youre the only one that
    can hear or help, you are more likely to do so
  • if there are others around, you will diffuse the
    responsibility to others
  • Kitty Genovese incident

3
Social Pressure in Group Decisions
  • Group polarization
  • majority position stronger after a group
    discussion in which a minority is arguing against
    the majority point of view
  • Why does this occur?
  • informational and normative influences

4
Social Pressure in Group Decisions
  • Groupthink
  • group members try to maintain harmony and
    unanimity in group
  • can lead to some better decisions and some worse
    decisions than individuals

5
Influence of Others Requests - Compliance
  • Sales techniques and cognitive dissonance
  • four-walls technique
  • question customer in such a way that gets answers
    consistent with the idea that they need to own
    object
  • feeling of cognitive dissonance results if person
    chooses not to buy this thing that they need

6
Sales Techniques and Cognitive Dissonance
  • Foot-in-the-door technique
  • ask for something small at first, then hit
    customer with larger request later
  • small request has paved the way to compliance
    with the larger request
  • cognitive dissonance results if person has
    already granted a request for one thing, then
    refuses to give the larger item

7
The Reciprocity Norm and Compliance
  • We feel obliged to return favors, even those we
    did not want in the first place
  • opposite of foot-in-the-door
  • salesperson gives something to customer with idea
    that they will feel compelled to give something
    back (buying the product)
  • even if person did not wish for favor in the
    first place

8
Combining Sales Techniques
  • What happens if you combine reciprocity norm with
    foot-in-the-door?
  • Hypothesis - the 2 techniques will cancel each
    other out
  • Bell, et. al. (1994) study
  • Evidence supports hypothesis

9
Preventing Reactance Against Pressure
  • Psychological reactance
  • if pressure is too blatant, has opposite of
    intended effect
  • leads to salespeople using softer techniques so
    that person feels they have a choice
  • often phrase pressure into questions
  • would you please put your books and notes away
    for the quiz?

10
Obedience
  • Obedience
  • compliance of person is due to perceived
    authority of asker
  • request is perceived as a command
  • Milgram interested in unquestioning obedience to
    orders

11
Stanley Milgrams Studies
  • Basic study procedure
  • teacher and learner (learner always confederate)
  • watch learner being strapped into chair --
    learner expresses concern over his heart
    condition

12
Stanley Milgrams Studies
  • Teacher to another room with experimenter
  • Shock generator panel 15 to 450 volts, labels
    slight shock to XXX
  • Asked to give higher shocks for every mistake
    learner makes

13
Stanley Milgrams Studies
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
14
Stanley Milgrams Studies
  • Learner protests more and more as shock increases
  • Experimenter continues to request obedience even
    if teacher balks

15
Obedience
  • How many people would go to the highest shock
    level?
  • 65 of the subjects went to the end, even those
    that protested

16
Obedience
17
Explanations for Milgrams Results
  • Abnormal group of subjects?
  • numerous replications with variety of groups
    shows no support
  • People in general are sadistic?
  • videotapes of Milgrams subjects show extreme
    distress

18
Explanations for Milgrams Results
  • Authority of Yale and value of science
  • Experimenter self-assurance and acceptance of
    responsibility
  • Proximity of learner and experimenter
  • New situation and no model of how to behave

19
Follow-Up Studies to Milgram
  • Original study
  • Different building
  • Teacher with learner
  • Put hand on shock
  • Orders by phone
  • Ordinary man orders
  • 2 teachers rebel
  • Teacher chooses shock level

20
Critiques of Milgram
  • Although 84 later said they were glad to have
    participated and fewer than 2 said they were
    sorry, there are still ethical issues
  • Do these experiments really help us understand
    real-world atrocities?

21
Cooperation and Social Dilemmas
  • Social dilemma
  • action/inaction will benefit individual, but harm
    others in the group, and cause more harm than
    good to everyone if everyone takes that course
  • Use of games to study social dilemmas
  • one-shot prisoners dilemma
  • iterative prisoners dilemma
  • effect of adding players

22
One-Shot Prisoners Dilemma Game
  • 2 prisoners must decide between silence and
    confession
  • Both silent both get relatively short prison
    sentences
  • Both confess both get moderate prison sentences
  • One confesses confessor gets no sentence,
    partner gets very long sentence
  • No communication between players until both have
    chosen

23
One-Shot Prisoners Dilemma Game
  • Game in lab setting
  • choice to cooperate or defect
  • consequence is monetary
  • highest vs. lowest individual payoff
  • highest vs. lowest total payoff

24
Iterative Prisoners Dilemma Game
  • 2 players play same game repeatedly
  • Iterative nature changes logic for players
  • Rapoports Tit-for-Tat (TFT) strategy
  • first time you meet new partner, cooperate
  • for all other trials, do to partner what they did
    to you on previous trial
  • cant win with TFT
  • this strategy gets others to cooperate

25
Iterative Prisoners Dilemma Game
  • Why is TFT effective in gaining cooperation?
  • its nice - cooperates from the start,
    encouraging cooperation
  • its not exploitable - discourages defection by
    reciprocating each defection
  • its forgiving - as soon as partner begins
    cooperating, TFT reciprocates
  • its transparent - partner quickly learns that
    best strategy is to cooperate

26
Emotions and Cooperation
  • Cooperation cooperation
  • Failure to cooperate failure to cooperate
  • Cooperation failure to cooperate
  • Failure to cooperate cooperation

27
Social Identity and Cooperation
  • Social identity theory
  • states that when youre assigned to a group, you
    automatically think of that group as an in-group
    for you
  • Sherifs camp study
  • 11-12 year old boys at camp
  • boys were divided into 2 groups and kept separate
    from one another
  • each group took on characteristics of distinct
    social group, with leaders, rules, norms of
    behavior, and names

28
Sherifs Camp Study
  • Leaders proposed series of competitive
    interactions
  • Led to 3 changes between groups and within groups
  • within-group solidarity
  • negative stereotyping of other group
  • hostile between-group interactions

29
Sherifs Camp Study
  • Overcoming the strong we/they effect
  • establishment of superordinate goals
  • e.g., breakdown in camp water supply
  • overcoming intergroup strife - research
  • stereotypes are diluted when people share
    individuating information

30
Summary
  • When we help others, when we dont
  • presence of others
  • diffusion of responsibility
  • Group decision making
  • group polarization
  • groupthink

31
Summary
  • Compliance
  • sales techniques
  • Obedience
  • Milgrams studies
  • Cooperation
  • Sherifs camp study
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