Global Citizenship

1
Global Citizenship

• Citizenship rich and citizenship poor in
  Australia and the EU

2
Media framing and citizenship

• Issues of citizenship enter the public domain in
  times of stress
• Migrant groups are focus of disquiet
• The mantra of clashing civilizations is used to
  explain urban unrest
• For media, urban unrest moves from France to
  Australia, much as fashion does.

3
Clichy-sous-Bois
4
Frances Intifada

• Televisions depicted flames from the Muslim
  unrest dangerously close to the Eiffel Tower. 
  Isolated cries of Allahu Akbar and scenes of
  imams trying to calm crowds were highlighted as
  worrying signs of the times in Frankistan.
  Politicians and the media hinted that Islamist
  militants were partly to blame for the rampaging
  youths and nightly fire bombings. News dispatches
  with datelines such as Clichy-sous-Bois sounded
  like they were actually describing a
  Baghdad-on-the-Seine.(Heneghon)

5
What happened in Paris

• October 27 2005
• Zyed Benna, 17, and Bouna Traouré, 15,
  electrocuted after being chased by police
• Text messages coordinate riots
• November 6 1400 vehicles torched
• November 8 State of Emergency declared
• November 14 100 vehicles only torched(normal)

6
Paris nights
7
Cronulla
8
Cronulla

• December 4 2005 Lebs attack Surfie group
• December 7 text message This Sunday every Aussie
  in the shire get down to North Cronulla to
  support the leb and wog bashing day
• December 10 and 11 Rioting on beaches, and Leb
  reprisals in suburb
• December 17,18 NSW Gov supports heavy policing
  of beaches in Sydney and Newcastle calls for
  people not to go to beach.

9
Arrests Australian style
10
Reactions to rioting

• Both in France and Australia (as elsewhere in
  Europe) there has been a strong reaction to such
  events
• In France, the last election fought inter alia on
  immigration issues
• In Australia, the next election will be
  citizenship testing to be introduced.

11
Citizenship and the nation state

• We need to distinguish a strong and a weaker
  sense of citizenship
• Bare citizenship (under Geneva convention)
• passports, right to work, duty to pay tax
• Cultural citizenship as Identity generating and
  community building
• (Weiner, 1998)

12
Bare Citizenship

• Citizenship rich
• Legal situation has made two or more passports
  possible in the US and Australia
• In the EU, all citizens have transnational
  citizenship rights
• Citizenship poor
• Refugees
• Expatriate citizens of poorer countries who offer
  little consular protection

13
Cultural citizenship and media

• Access to media has undermined national control
  of cultural citizenship
• Arabic speakers in EU and in Australia have
  access to gt39 Arabic language television
  programs, both national and transnational (Al
  Jazeera, Al Manar).
• However real differences underlie similarities

14
Immigration Australia and France

• Australia overwhelmingly immigrant
• 1950-2004 23.1 of population immigrant
• Citizenship awarded to 610 migrants /100,000pop
  in 1990s
• France
• 1950-2004 7.9 of population immigrant
• Citizenship awarded to 173 migrants /100,000pop
  in 1990s

15
Multiculturalism vs Assimilation

• Australia
• colonial (transnational) citizenship
• White Australia policy (accepted Maronites)
  until 1972
• Multiculturalism
• France
• Citizenship assimilationist, in tradition of la
  patrie

16
Multiculturalism under pressure

• When you come to Australia, you become Australian
  (Prime Minister, 12/02/06)
• Multiculturalism is a reversion to tribalism that
  is anachronistic in a modern liberal urban
  society. It has bred ethnic ghettos
  characterised by high levels of unemployment,
  welfare dependancy, welfare abuse, crime and
  violence (Windshuttle, 16/12/05)

17
Assimilation under pressure

• EU context of transnational citizenship puts
  pressure on the French model
• the multicultural self-understanding of the
  nations of citizens formed in classical countries
  of immigration.. is more instructive..than that
  derived from the culturally assimilationist
  French model (Habermas 2001159-160).

18
Reislamisation in Paris

• Olivier Roy Reislamisation is new form of
  individualised Islam, suited to disenfranchised
  youth.
• Unemployment 20-40 in suburbs such as
  Clichy-sous-Bois.
• Riots fuelled by French traditions of liberté,
  egalité, fraternité

19
Lakemba and the west

• Sydneys western suburbs have been home to the
  post civil war group of Lebanese migrants, a
  group sharply distinguished from Maronites who
  came earlier
• High unemployment and radical Islamic clerics
  flourish in western suburbs

20
White ghetto

• The idea of invasion is important in
  understanding what happened. The population
  centre of Sydney is Parramatta, which means that
  as many live to the west of there as towards the
  beaches. To enjoy the beach means that many from
  the working-class and ethnic west will come down
  to the beach suburbs. (Jupp, 2005)

21
Identity generating

• Young rioters are French
• the rioters were unmistakably French, and not
  only because almost all were citizens. They have
  internalized French political values so well that
  they want France to live up to its promise of
  liberty, equality and fraternity. Their dream was
  not to overthrow the system, but to make it work
  so they could get ahead too. Political violence
  is as French as baguettes and berets. (Heneghon
  2006)

22
Berets and baguettes?
23
Community building?

• Lebanese are Australians, even to their very
  Australian style of rumbling on beaches
• An.. important social feature is the existence of
  a hoon culture, with young men believing that
  physical force is a sign of being a real
  Australian. This is usually combined with the
  even more dangerous belief that getting drunk is
  equally Australian. Although many Muslims are
  likely to avoid the second feature, they are
  susceptible to the first. (Jupp, 2005)

24
Beaches and barbecues
25
Hybrid citizenships

• The coexistence of rival ways of life in
  individual experience Beck
• transnational and national media worlds
• world view/mediascape which includes but is not
  limited by the nation state
• The myth a culturally homogeneous nation state