Newspapers

1
Chapter 7

• Newspapers

2
Forerunners

• Romeacta diurna (daily acts)
• Venice16the century sold for first time for a
  gazetta
• Corantos Germany 1609/London 1621
• Amsterdam in multiple languages
• 1665 Oxford Gazette/later London Gazette first
  English language paper
• 1702 Daily Courant first English Daily
• All were censored by government

3
Colonial Era1690-1820

• Benjamin Harris 1690 Publick Occurences Both
  Foreign and Domestic
• Government put him out of business he was very
  seditious both in England and the Colonies
• Boston News-Letter 1704
• Postmasters are early publishersappointed by
  government
• Early papers dealt with British news approved by
  the Crown

4
John Peter Zenger

• 1733 New York Weekly Journal
• Wrote attacks on Governor William Cosby
• Found not guilty of libel
• Sent message that public was no longer going to
  remain compliant to government suppression of
  the press

5
The Revolution

• Most colonial newspapers were published by
  printers by trade
• All were fairly loyal UNTIL
• British Parliament passed Stamp Act in 1765 this
  taxed all legal documents, books, newspapers,
  etc.
• Followed by the Townsend Acts taxed tea, wine,
  oil, etc

6
Taxation without Representation

• This begins publishings attack on the government
  and first calls for revolution
• Articles of Confederation 1781
• Constitution 1787
• Federalist Papers
• New York newspapers
• Series of articles defending constitution aid in
  its ratification

7
Two Party System

• Two Party System of Government begins early with
• Federalists Alexander Hamilton
• Republicans Thomas Jefferson
• Newspapers took sides and sometimes were actually
  operated by one of the parties
• Alien and Sedition Acts (not again!)
• Mercantile newspapersbusiness news /The Courier,
  The Enquirer, and the Journal of Commerce

8
Penny Press Era1833-1865

• Begins Popular Stage of EPS Cycle
• 1833 Benjamin Day New York Sun
• Aimed at public cost only pennies
• Therefore, common man could afford it
• Up until this, elite only
• Large circulation begins (rotary press)
• Morse, AP, syndicates begin

9
Inverted Pyramid

• All elements of the story should appear in the
  first paragraph who, what, where, when, why and
  how
• Still used today
• Originally, from telegraph transmissions that
  were interrupted during the Civil War

10
Yellow Journalism Era1865-1900

• The change in this country in this 35 year period
  is dramatic
• Civil War
• Population doubles
• Industrial Revolution
• Saw first real competition between newspapers

11
The Players

• Joseph Pulitzer New York World
• Wanted accuracy
• Wanted reform and to use newspapers to affect
  change
• William Randolph Hearst New York Journal
• Also originally crusades for use of newspapers to
  protect public
• Edward Wyllis Scripps Cleveland
• He too originally fought for justice through
  newspaper content

12
Yellow Journalism

• Scandalous
• Sex
• Violence
• Promotional stunts
• Anything to outsell the others
• Sound familiar?

13
The Good Side

• Pulitzers name becomes associated with the most
  prestigious prize in journalism
• Hearsts career becomes classic film Citizen Kane
• Scripps establishes UPI in 1907

14
20th Century Press1900-Present

• Enter the voice of reason
• Adolph Ochs New York Times 1896
• Objective coverage
• All the News Thats fit to Print
• Still on the banner still considered the paper
  of record by many
• Offshoot needed outlet for yellow journalism

15
20th Century Continued

• Jazz journalism jazz it up
• Jazz age of 1920s
• Forerunners of National Enquirer and other
  tabloids
• Tabloid is actually a half sheet of newspaper it
  originally meant the size of the actual paper
• New York Illustrated Daily News

16
EPS Cycle

• American Newspaper stay in popular stage
• Some exceptions
• African American
• Latino
• Native American
• Non-English Language

17
EPS Exceptions

• Freedoms Journal 1827 John B. Russwurm and
  Reverend Samuel Cornishpre-Civil War
• Other African American journalists of 20th
  century were Charlotta Bass of Los Angeles
  published California Eagle
• El Misisipi New Orleans 1808
• Cherokee Phoenix North Georgia 1828
• CherokeeSequoia developed an 80 character
  alphabet oral tradition
• Village Voice New York City alternative

18
More EPS

• All of these papers were used to present
  alternate ideas and change perceptions and
  treatment of groups of people
• Rolling Stone sells out/Clay from American Idol
• ONA On-line News Association
• Advertising guidelines
• What is the future?