CELL BIOLOGY

1
CELL BIOLOGY - Overview I. Membranes - how
stuff get in/out of cells II. Harvesting Energy
2
CELL BIOLOGY - Overview I. Membranes - how
stuff get in/out of cells II. Harvesting Energy
A. Respiration - Harvesting E by Digesting
Biomolecules
3
CELL BIOLOGY - Overview I. Membranes - how
stuff get in/out of cells II. Harvesting Energy
A. Respiration - Harvesting E by Digesting
Biomolecules
POLYMER
MONOMER
(SOME IS LOST - 2ND LAW)
ENERGY
ADP P
ATP
4
LE 9-19
ENERGY IN FOOD
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats
Amino acids
Sugars
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde-3-
P
DIGESTION
NH3
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citric acid cycle
ADP P ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation
5
A. Respiration - Harvesting E by Digesting
Biomolecules 1. Glycolysis
6
A. Respiration - Harvesting E by Digesting
Biomolecules 1. Glycolysis Occurs in
presence OR absence of oxygen gas.
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A. Respiration - Harvesting E by Digesting
Biomolecules 1. Glycolysis Occurs in
presence OR absence of oxygen gas. All cells
can do this! (very primitive pathway)
8
A. Respiration - Harvesting E by Digesting
Biomolecules 1. Glycolysis Occurs in
presence OR absence of oxygen gas. All cells
can do this! (very primitive pathway) Occurs
in the cytoplasm of all cells
9
LE 9-8
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP
2 ADP 2 P
used
Glycolysis
Energy payoff phase
formed
4 ADP 4 P
4 ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
2 NAD 4 e 4 H
2 H
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
Net
2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
Glucose
2 ATP
4 ATP formed 2 ATP used
2 NADH 2 H
2 NAD 4 e 4 H
10
LE 9-8
What's needed to keep the reaction going?
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP
2 ADP 2 P
used
Glycolysis
Energy payoff phase
formed
4 ADP 4 P
4 ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
2 NAD 4 e 4 H
2 H
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
Net
2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
Glucose
2 ATP
4 ATP formed 2 ATP used
2 NADH 2 H
2 NAD 4 e 4 H
11
LE 9-8
What's needed t keep the reaction going? -
glucose.... (moot)
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP
2 ADP 2 P
used
Glycolysis
Energy payoff phase
formed
4 ADP 4 P
4 ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
2 NAD 4 e 4 H
2 H
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
Net
2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
Glucose
2 ATP
4 ATP formed 2 ATP used
2 NADH 2 H
2 NAD 4 e 4 H
12
LE 9-8
What's needed to keep the reaction going? -
glucose.... - ATP... but previous rxn made
some, so that's there
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP
2 ADP 2 P
used
Glycolysis
Energy payoff phase
formed
4 ADP 4 P
4 ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
2 NAD 4 e 4 H
2 H
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
Net
2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
Glucose
2 ATP
4 ATP formed 2 ATP used
2 NADH 2 H
2 NAD 4 e 4 H
13
LE 9-8
What's needed to keep the reaction going? -
glucose.... - ATP... but previous rxn made
some, so that's there - and you need NAD to
accept the electrons....
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP
2 ADP 2 P
used
Glycolysis
Energy payoff phase
formed
4 ADP 4 P
4 ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
2 NAD 4 e 4 H
2 H
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
Net
2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
Glucose
2 ATP
4 ATP formed 2 ATP used
2 NADH 2 H
2 NAD 4 e 4 H
14
LE 9-8
What's needed to keep the reaction going? -
glucose.... - ATP... but previous rxn made
some, so that's there - and you need NAD to
accept the electrons.... AS GLYCOLYSIS PROCEEDS,
THE NAD DECLINES AND CAN BECOME LIMITING....
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP
2 ADP 2 P
used
Glycolysis
Energy payoff phase
formed
4 ADP 4 P
4 ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
2 NAD 4 e 4 H
2 H
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
Net
2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
Glucose
2 ATP
4 ATP formed 2 ATP used
2 NADH 2 H
2 NAD 4 e 4 H
15
LE 9-8
What's needed to keep the reaction going? -
glucose.... - ATP... but previous rxn made
some, so that's there - and you need NAD to
accept the electrons.... AS GLYCOLYSIS PROCEEDS,
THE NAD DECLINES AND CAN BECOME
LIMITING....CELLS HAVE EVOLVED TO RECYCLE
NAD..... SO GLYCOLYSIS CAN CONTINUE....
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP
2 ADP 2 P
used
Glycolysis
Energy payoff phase
formed
4 ADP 4 P
4 ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
2 NAD 4 e 4 H
2 H
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
Net
2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
Glucose
2 ATP
4 ATP formed 2 ATP used
2 NADH 2 H
2 NAD 4 e 4 H
16
LE 9-18
Glucose
CYTOSOL
NAD
NAD
PYRUVATE
Pyruvate
No O2 present Fermentation
O2 present Cellular respiration
MITOCHONDRION
Ethanol or lactate
Acetyl CoA
Citric acid cycle
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A. Respiration - Harvesting E by Digesting
Biomolecules 1. Glycolysis 2. Anaerobic
Respiration - Glycolosis a. in plants,
fungi, and bacteria Ethyl Alcohol Fermentation
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LE 9-17a
P
2 ADP 2
2 ATP
i
Glucose
Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate
2 NADH
2 NAD
CO2
2
2 H
2 Acetaldehyde
2 Ethanol
Alcohol fermentation
19
A. Respiration - Harvesting E by Digesting
Biomolecules 1. Glycolysis 2. Anaerobic
Respiration - Glycolosis a. in plants,
fungi, and bacteria Ethyl Alcohol
Fermentation b. in animals Lactic Acid
Fermentation
20
LE 9-17b
P
2 ADP 2
2 ATP
i
Glucose
Glycolysis
2 NADH
2 NAD
2 H
2 Pyruvate
2 Lactate
Lactic acid fermentation
21
A. Respiration - Harvesting E by Digesting
Biomolecules 1. Glycolysis 2. Anaerobic
Respiration - Glycolosis a. in plants,
fungi, and bacteria Ethyl Alcohol
Fermentation b. in animals Lactic Acid
Fermentation - Energy production is reduced,
but can continue at low rate...
22
A. Respiration - Harvesting E by Digesting
Biomolecules 1. Glycolysis 2. Anaerobic
Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration
23
A. Respiration - Harvesting E by Digesting
Biomolecules 1. Glycolysis 2. Anaerobic
Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration - cytoplasm
of prokaryotes - mitochondria of eukaryotes
24
A. Respiration - Harvesting E by Digesting
Biomolecules 1. Glycolysis 2. Anaerobic
Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration -
Glycolysis C6 (glucose) 2C3 (pyruvate)
ATP, NADH - Gateway step 2C3 2C2
(acetyl) 2C (CO2) NADH - Citric Acid
Cycle 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) NADH, FADH,
ATP - Electron Transport Chain convert
energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
25
A. Respiration - Harvesting E by Digesting
Biomolecules 1. Glycolysis 2. Anaerobic
Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration -
Glycolysis C6 (glucose) 2C3 (pyruvate)
ATP, NADH - Gateway step 2C3 2C2
(acetyl) 2C (CO2) NADH
26
LE 9-10
MITOCHONDRION
CYTOSOL
energy harvested as NADH
NAD
NADH
H
Acetyl Co A
Coenzyme A
CO2
Pyruvate
Transport protein
27
A. Respiration - Harvesting E by Digesting
Biomolecules 1. Glycolysis 2. Anaerobic
Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration -
Glycolysis C6 (glucose) 2C3 (pyruvate)
ATP, NADH - Gateway step 2C3 2C2
(acetyl) 2C (CO2) NADH - Citric Acid
Cycle 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) NADH, FADH,
ATP
28
LE 9-12_4
Citric acid cycle
Glycolysis
Oxidation phosphorylation
ATP
ATP
ATP
Acetyl CoA
NADH
H2O
H
NAD
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Malate
Isocitrate
CO2
Citric acid cycle
NAD
H2O
NADH
H
Fumarate
a-Ketoglutarate
FADH2
CO2
NAD
FAD
Succinate
NADH
P
i
Succinyl CoA
H
GTP
GDP
ADP
ATP
29
LE 9-11
Pyruvate (from glycolysis, 2 molecules per
glucose)
Citric acid cycle
Glycolysis
Oxidation phosphorylation
CO2
NAD
CoA
NADH
ATP
ATP
ATP
H
Acetyl CoA
CoA
NET RESULT
CoA
2 separate molecules
Citric acid cycle
CO2
2
FADH2
3 NAD
NADH
3
FAD
3 H
ADP P
i
ATP
30
A. Respiration - Harvesting E by Digesting
Biomolecules 1. Glycolysis 2. Anaerobic
Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration -
Glycolysis C6 (glucose) 2C3 (pyruvate)
ATP, NADH - Gateway step 2C3 2C2
(acetyl) 2C (CO2) NADH - Citric Acid
Cycle 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) NADH, FADH,
ATP - Electron Transport Chain convert
energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
31
LE 9-13
NADH
50
FADH2
Multiprotein complexes
I
FAD
40
FMN
II
FeS
FeS
Q
III
Cyt b
Oxidative phosphorylation electron transport and
chemiosmosis
Citric acid cycle
Glycolysis
FeS
electron
30
Cyt c1
IV
Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol)
Cyt c
ATP
ATP
ATP
Cyt a
Cyt a3
20
10
O2
2 H 1/2
0
H2O
32
LE 9-13
STORES ENERGY
ATP
NADH
50
FADH2
ADP P
Multiprotein complexes
I
FAD
40
FMN
II
FeS
FeS
Q
III
Cyt b
Oxidative phosphorylation electron transport and
chemiosmosis
Citric acid cycle
Glycolysis
FeS
electron
30
Cyt c1
IV
Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol)
Cyt c
ATP
ATP
ATP
Cyt a
Cyt a3
20
RELEASES ENERGY
10
O2
2 H 1/2
0
H2O
33
LE 9-15
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Oxidative phosphorylation electron transport and
chemiosmosis
Citric acid cycle
Glycolysis
ATP
ATP
ATP
H
H
H
H
Cyt c
Protein complex of electron carriers
Intermembrane space
Q
IV
III
I
ATP synthase
II
Inner mitochondrial membrane
H2O
2H 1/2 O2
FADH2
FAD
NAD
H
NADH
ADP
ATP
P
i
(carrying electrons from food)
H
Mitochondrial matrix
Electron transport chain Electron transport and
pumping of protons (H), Which create an H
gradient across the membrane
Chemiosmosis ATP synthesis powered by the flow of
H back across the membrane
Oxidative phosphorylation
34
A. Respiration - Harvesting E by Digesting
Biomolecules 1. Glycolysis 2. Anaerobic
Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration -
Glycolysis C6 (glucose) 2C3 (pyruvate)
ATP, NADH - Gateway step 2C3 2C2
(acetyl) 2C (CO2) NADH - Citric Acid
Cycle 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) NADH, FADH,
ATP - Electron Transport Chain convert
energy in NADH, FADH to ATP - OXYGEN is just
an electron ACCEPTOR - WATER is produced as a
metabolic waste - Carbons in glucose have been
separated - Energy has been harvested and
stored in bonds in ATP
35
LE 9-19
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats
Amino acids
Sugars
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde-3-
P
NH3
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation