Edexcel Examinations AS Level Sport and Physical Education

1
Jan Roscoe Publications

• Edexcel ExaminationsAS Level Sport and Physical
  Education
• AS Module Unit 1
• Participation in Sport and Recreation
• Section 1.1
• Healthy and Active Lifestyles
• Part 1
• Development of active leisure and recreation

2
INDEX

• 3 - RECREATION ACTIVE LEISURE
• 4 - RECREATION WHAT IS IT?
• 5 - WHY DO WE NEED ACTIVE LEISURE?
• 6 - WHAT IS PURPOSEFUL LEISURE?
• 7 - THE BENEFITS OF ACTIVE LIFESTYLE ON THE
  INDIVIDUAL SOCIETY
• 8 - WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY THE FOLLOWING
  TERMS?
• 9 - WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF REGULAR PHYSICAL
  ACTIVITY FOR THE INDIVIDUAL?
• 10 - WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF REGULAR PHYSICAL
  ACTIVITY FOR SOCIETY?
• 11 - WHY ARE WE MORE SEDENTARY NOW, THAN EVER
  BEFORE?
• 12 - HOW TO DEVELOP SUSTAIN A BALANCED, ACTIVE
  HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
• 13 - WHY MIGHT YOU NOT PARTICIPATE IN PHYSICAL
  ACTIVITY?
• 14 - EXCELLENCE PARTICIPATION
• 15 - PARTICIPATION
• 16 - SPORTS DEVELOPMENT PYRAMID
• 17 - PARTICIPATION IN TERMS OF OPPORTUNITY,
  PROVISION ESTEEM
• 18 - CONTEMPORARY CONCERNS
• 20 - OBESITY
• 21 - OBESITY AND HEALTH DISORDERS
• 22 - CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD)

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RECREATION ACTIVE LEISURE
4
RECREATION WHAT IS IT?

• Active leisure is also known as recreation.
• It is a voluntary activity which we undertake
  during our free time.
• We also have a choice as to which type of
  recreation we would like to participate in.

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WHY DO WE NEED ACTIVE LEISURE?
Psychological- Relieve stress/ boredom
Physiological- Health Fitness
?
Emotional Satisfaction/ enjoyment
Social Friendship communication
Personal Development Of self-control ability
6
WHAT IS PURPOSEFUL LEISURE?

• Leisure which seen to have social and personal
  benefits.
• Purposeful leisure occurs in a society where
  social equality is very important.
• However, deviance from socially acceptable
  patterns of behaviour is not accepted.
• This form of leisure was very common in the
  former Soviet Union and other socialist
  countries, as leisure activities had considerable
  social status in these areas.
• This was because it was believed leisure would
  have desirable consequences to the population.

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THE BENEFITS OF ACTIVE LIFESTYLE ON THE
INDIVIDUAL SOCIETY
8
WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY THE FOLLOWING TERMS?
Physical exertion of the body, done to achieve a
good level of health fitness - both mentally
physically. Exercise can vary from light (e.g.
steady walk) to intense (e.g. vigorous cycling or
running).
Exercise
Healthy/Balanced Lifestyle
Eating a healthy, balanced diet maintaining a
healthy weight getting the right amount of
exercise minimizing stress effectively
combining work and socializing.
Lifetime Sport/ Physical Activity
Taking part in activities which involve physical
movement and energy consumption. Either
competitively or recreationally. Doing this will
contribute to a lifelong healthy balanced
lifestyle.
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WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF REGULAR PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY FOR THE INDIVIDUAL?

• Builds healthy bones, joints muscles.
• Improves psychological well-being.
• Allows for personal challenge.
• Encourages social mixing with others.
• Prevents obesity.
• Prevents diabetes.
• Prevents high blood pressure.
• Prevents coronary heart disease.

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WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF REGULAR PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY FOR SOCIETY?

• Improved health of the nation.
• Decreased burden on national resources such as
  the NHS.
• Decreased crime.
• Increased opportunities for excellence on a world
  stage.
• Increased socialisation between different
  cultures and groups.

11
WHY ARE WE MORE SEDENTARY NOW, THAN EVER BEFORE?

• We have more office-based jobs than manual jobs.
• We use cars/buses/trains to get to places -
  rather than walk or cycle.
• The rise of the computer game!
• Improvements in technology mean we can socialize
  in different ways other than sport - e.g. the
  internet.

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HOW TO DEVELOP SUSTAIN A BALANCED, ACTIVE
HEALTHY LIFESTYLE.

• How often (frequency)?
• 3-4 times a week - more if you are trying to lose
  weight or get fitter.
• How much (intensity)?
• A comfortable (moderate pace).
• What kind of activity (type)?
• Something enjoyable which raises the pulse -
  for example walking, climbing, playing tennis
  etc (the list is endless)
• How long (time)?
• At least 20-30 minutes.

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WHY MIGHT YOU NOT PARTICIPATE IN PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY?

• Discrimination - as a result of
• Gender
• Ethnic origin
• Disability
• Social Class
• Lack of facilities.
• Lack of information about the benefits of
  physical activity.
• Peer/parental influences.
• Lack of financial support.
• NB - this topic will be discussed in greater
  detail later

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EXCELLENCE (MASS) PARTICIPATION
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PARTICIPATION

• government philosophy of mass participation has a
  two-fold aim
• health and fitness of the Nation
• providing a broad base to the participation
  pyramid
• thereby ensuring that those with the talent can
  achieve excellence

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SPORTS DEVELOPMENT PYRAMID
Training at National Sports Centres
National Squad
National Training squads
Financial Assistance
Development squads
Progression To Area levels
Access to District/ County levels
Training
District Competitions
Talent scouts, club coaching
Links to local clubs
Affiliation to NGBs
Early Activity In Schools
17
PARTICIPATION IN TERMS OF OPPORTUNITY, PROVISION
ESTEEM

• Various groups of people may not want to
  participate in sport and this could be for a
  variety of reasons.
• We tend to discuss these reasons in terms of
• opportunity
• provision
• esteem
• More of this later in section 1.2

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CONTEMPORARY CONCERNS
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CONTEMPORARY CONCERNS
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OBESITY

• OVERWEIGHT
• a body weight that exceeds the norm or standard
  weight for a particular
• height
• frame size
• gender
• OBESITY
• a surplus of adipose tissue resulting from
  excessive energy intake relative to energy
  expenditure
• males - body fat greater than 25
• females - body fat greater than 35
• CAUSE OF OBESITY
• the main cause of obesity is a positive energy
  balance
• ENERGY INTAKE gt ENERGY OUTPUT
• or more food than exercise

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OBESITY AND HEALTH DISORDERS

• THE FACTS
• over 30,000 deaths a year are caused by obesity -
  in England
• 22 of the British adult population are obese
• 75 of the British adult population are
  overweight
• child obesity has increased 3-fold in the last 20
  years
• obesity can lead to many health problems
• arthritis
• heart disease
• diabetes
• DIABETES
• a condition which occurs when a persons body
  cannot regulate glucose levels
• obesity and overweight conditions are major risk
  factors for type 2 diabetes

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CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD)

• CHD
• is one of Britains greatest killers and
  encompasses diseases such as angina and heart
  attacks or coronary thrombosis
• angina begins as a chest pain which is due to
  ischemia or lack of blood and hence oxygen to the
  heart muscle itself
• the first symptoms of CHD are usually noticed
  during physical exertion or excitement and the
  subsequent increase in heart rate
• heavy, cramp-like pains are experienced across
  the chest
• angina is normally treated and controlled with
  drugs and relaxation, but a person suffering from
  this condition has a higher risk of suffering
  from a coronary thrombosis
• CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD)
• include diseases of the heart and blood vessels
• OBESITY AND CHD
• cardiac workload (hence risk of CHD) is less with
  lower body mass
• capability to move around (walk / run / climb)
  therefore better with lower body mass

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CHD

• CORONARY THROMBOSIS
• heart attack is a sudden severe blockage in one
  of the coronary arteries, completely cutting off
  the blood supply to part of the myocardial
  (heart) tissue
• this blockage is often caused by a blood clot
  formed within slowly moving blood in an already
  damaged, partially obstructed coronary artery
• heart attacks can be severe or mild, depending on
  the positioning of the blockage
• in a severe blockage the heart may stop beating -
  called a cardiac arrest, about half of all
  cardiac arrest cases die
• in 2008, Coronary heart disease accounted for 30
  of all UK deaths in people aged less than 75
  years

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DIABETES

• METABOLIC SYNDROME
• this term links coronary artery disease,
  hypertension, abnormal blood lipids (fats), type
  2 diabetes and abdominal obesity to insulin
  resistance
• INSULIN
• insulin is a hormone which enables the transfer
  of glucose from the blood into cells where it is
  needed for metabolism
• DIABETES
• this happens because the Islets of Langerhans
  situated within the pancreas stop functioning
  properly and therefore do not produce enough
  insulin
• or the insulin does not facilitate blood glucose
  to be transferred into cells where metabolism
  occurs - the cells have insulin resistance
• hence cells (particularly muscle cells) will not
  have enough glucose to function properly - and
  the person feels exhausted
• other symptoms are
• lack of circulation to the hands and feet
• extremes of thirst or hunger
• unexplained weight loss

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HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

• HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE OR HYPERTENSION
• occurs when a persons blood pressure is
  continually high, equal to or greater than 140/90
  mmHg
• high blood pressure is often associated with
  excess weight and hardening of the arteries
  (arteriosclerosis)
• hypertension is a major contributing factor in
  atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease (CHD),
  and strokes

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HIGH CHOLESTEROL

• CHOLESTEROL
• cholesterol is a substance produced from fatty
  foods
• particularly from a diet high in saturated fat
• if this is not removed by the digestive process,
  it can be deposited in arteries causing them to
  be narrower
• this is a form of atherosclerosis
• EXERCISE AND HIGH CHOLESTEROL
• exercise increases High Density Lipoproteins HDL
  and decreases Low Density Lipoproteins LDL (LDL
  are responsible for depositing cholesterol and
  narrowing lumen of artery), hence blood pressure
  (BP) becomes stable
• thus preventing hypertension
• RISK FACTORS FOR HIGH CHOLESTEROL
• lack of exercise
• heredity
• age

• diet
• bodyweight
• gender

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METABOLIC SYNDROME

• METABOLIC SYNDROME
• this term links coronary artery disease,
  hypertension, abnormal blood lipids (fats), type
  2 diabetes and abdominal obesity to insulin
  resistance
• the risk factors for this syndrome are
• arterial plaque build-up
• excessive fat deposits in the abdominal region
• high blood triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol,
  high LDL cholesterol
• raised blood pressure
• raised cellular resistance to insulin
• the inability to absorb glucose
• roughly 20 of the population in the USA have
  this condition
• which makes type II diabetes worse
• and hence the risk of eyesight and circulation
  problems in older people

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SEDENTARY LIFESTYLES

• HYPOKINETIC DISORDERS
• diseases that develop partly due to insufficient
  exercise
• OSTEOPOROSIS
• this is an age-related condition in which
  reduction of bone mass takes place
• this is due to reabsorption of minerals that form
  part of bone structure
• making bones porous, brittle and liable to break
• linked with hormonal changes in postmenopausal
  females
• or with the sedentary lifestyle led by many
  elderly people
• INACTIVITY
• this leads to poor flexibility as muscles,
  tendons and ligaments become shorter and tighter
• often resulting in back pain and other joint pain
  particularly in the knees and wrists
• OSTEOARTHRITIS
• this is a condition where joints thicken with
  fluid-filled pockets, restricting joint
  flexibility

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ACTIVITY PATTERNS

• LIFESTYLE TRENDS
• issues affecting health are
• diet and nutrition
• lack of physical activity
• smoking
• alcohol
• recreational drugs
• EFFECT ON LIFESPAN
• all these factors affect the quality of life and
  age of death of an individual

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AGEING AND HEALTH

• ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
• hardening of the arteries usually occurring in
  older people, and which is a process enhanced by
  lack of exercise
• this happens mostly in the lower limbs, and
  involves a gradual calcification of the tunica
  media (the muscular middle wall of an artery)
• hence reducing the mobility of older people
• OSTEOPOROSIS
• as mentioned above, this condition is linked with
  hormonal changes in postmenopausal females
• or with the sedentary lifestyle led by many
  elderly people
• OSTEOARTHRITIS
• this joint condition can be very restrictive for
  older people
• LONGEVITY
• people are living longer as improved nutrition,
  health care, and exercise regimes are having an
  effect on life chances

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ACCESS IN TERMS OF OPPORTUNITY PROVISION

• OPPORTUNITY
• various groups of people may not want to
  participate in sport for cultural reasons
• gender
• ethnicity / religion
• age
• disability
• social / economic class
• PROVISION
• this is concerned with the facilities available
  to a potential performer
• depends on the following factors
• inner city or countryside?
• poor or rich neighbourhood?
• regional hub nearby - and can the performer use
  it?
• travel distance?
• expensive equipment / kit required?

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STRESS AND STRESSORS

• STRESS
• a response of the body to any demands made on it
• symptoms of stress
• physiological
• psychological
• behavioural

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STRESSORS

• STRESSORS
• social
• disapproval of parents / peers
• rejection by peers / parents
• isolation from normal social interactions
• chemical / biochemical
• harm by ingestion of substances
• bacterial
• illness caused by micro-organisms
• physical
• injury / pain / exhaustion
• climatic
• extremes of weather
• hot weather for endurance activities
• rain and cold on bare skin
• psychological
• mismatch between perception of demands of task
• and ability to cope

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SYMPTOMS OF STRESS

• PHYSIOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS
• increased heart rate
• increased blood pressure
• increased sweating
• increased breathing rate
• decreased flow of blood to the skin
• increased oxygen uptake
• dry mouth
• PSYCHLOGICAL SYMPTOMS
• worry
• feeling overwhelmed
• inability to make decisions
• inability to concentrate
• inability to direct attention appropriately
• narrowing of attention
• feeling out of control

• BEHAVIOURAL SYMPTOMS
• rapid talking
• nail biting
• pacing
• scowling
• yawning
• trembling
• raised voice pitch
• frequent urination

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WORK-LIFE BALANCE

• WORK-LIFE BALANCE
• it is important to have a balance between the
  demands of work
• which includes time / energy / sleep quality
• and life / exercise
• including food / social life / sleep
• time should be created every day for exercise to
  balance the stress of the working day
• a lifestyle dominated by work and issues
  connected with work can lead to many of the
  sedentary lifestyle issues mentioned above
• obesity
• cardiovascular disease

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EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON HEALTH