Principles of Guidance

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Principles of Guidance

• Background of the Counseling Profession

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Cites Used Include

• Wittmer (2000) - Managing Your School Counseling
  Program
• Schmidt (2000) - Counseling in Schools
• Baker (1992) - School Counseling in the 21st
  Century
• Gibson Mitchell (1995) -Introduction to
  Counseling and Guidance
• Trotter (1992) Walking the Talk

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History and Foundations

• Throughout the history of humankind there have
  been many people and professionals who have
  become confidants and helpers for persons who
  have sought assistance.

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The Past

• When was the earliest occasion in which a human
  sought a counselor?

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History of Counseling

• Adam in the Garden of Eden
• Philosophers, wizards, fortune tellers, medicine
  men
• Elders of ancient tribes
• Ancient Greeks
• Plato and Aristotle
• Hippocrates

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History

• Hebrews and Christians of post-Roman period
• Middle Ages - Priests, monks and other clergy
• Late 16th/Early 17th Century -Garzoni
• 1631 - Powell , Tom of all Trades
• End of 19th Century - Field of psychology emerges

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Counseling Timeline

• 1908 - Beers, A Mind That Found Itself
• 1909 - Parsons book, Choosing a Vocation
• 1917 - Army Alpha and Beta tests
• 1920 - Freuds ideas begin to influence mental
  health profession.

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Timeline

• 1951 - Founding of American Personnel and
  Guidance Association
• 1957 - Russian satellite, Sputnik is launched
• 1958 - Funding is increased for counseling

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Timeline

• 1950s - More theories, REBT, developmental,
  humanistic, existential, group counseling
• 1960 - Beginning of a boom decade in school
  guidance and counseling and in counselor education

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Timeline

• 1962 Wrenn - The Counselor in a Changing World -
  urged change to developmental focus
• 1983 - APGA becomes AACD

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Timeline

• 1985 - CACREP developed and implemented standards
• 1980s-90s - a need for clear identity, role and
  function
• 1992 - AACD becomes ACA

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History

• Psychologys roots are in Europe.
• Counselings roots are in the United States.

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• The Helping Relationship Defined

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Helping Relationship

• The words helping relationship are used by
  counselors, social workers, psychotherapists and
  physicians to characterize services they provide.

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Defining Helping Relationship

• Carl Rogers (1961) defined the helping
  relationship as
• a relationship in which at least 1 of the
  parties has the intent of promoting the growth,
  development, maturity, improved functioning,
  improved coping with the life of the other. The
  other, in this sense, may be one individual or a
  group.

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Defining

• Alfred Benjamin (1974) defined helping as
• Enabling acts, so that those who are helped
  recognize, feel, know, decide, and choose whether
  to change.
• In providing a helping relationship,
  professionals give of their time, their capacity
  to understand and listen, their skill, knowledge
  and interest.

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The Need for a Helping Relationship

• We are all profoundly affected by what is going
  on in the world around us. We live in a fast
  paced, computer driven world. We pay attention
  to everything but people (stock market,
  technology, material resources, political
  pressures, etc...).
• The paradox

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• Despite technological progress, the individuals
  essential and perennial problems remain
• Who am I?
• How did I become the way I am?
• Am I normal? What is good?
• What is reality? Of what value is life?
• How can I be more productive more sensitive
  more sensiblemore alive?

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• Characteristics of Helping Relationships

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The Helping Relationship

• 1. The h. r. is meaningful.
• 2. The integrity of the person is present in the
  h. r.
• 3. The h. r. take place by mutual consent. No
  one is coerced.

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Helping Relationship

• 4. The relationship takes place because the
  individual to be helped needs information,
  instruction, advice, assistance, understanding,
  and/or treatment from the other.
• Reasons people seek help lack of knowledge,
  competence, feeling distressed, inept, anxious,
  ineffective

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Helping Relationship

• 5. The helping relationship is conducted through
  communication and interaction, each is affected
  by others verbal and nonverbal communication.
• 6. Structure is evident in the h. r.
• 7. The collaborative effort makes the h. r.

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Helping Relationship

• 8. The helper is approachable and secure as a
  person. Others can draw to them. They are
  accepting of others ideas, action, and
  suggestion.
• 9. Change is the object of the h. r.

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• The Helping Professions

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The Helping Professions

• A helping profession may be described as one in
  which the members are specially trained and
  licensed or certified to perform a unique and
  needed service for fellow human beings.

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The Helping Professions

• The helping professions include medicine, law,
  dentistry, education, psychology, and social
  work. The roots of each lie in the nature of
  humankind and society, past and present.
• Counseling is a helping profession. The very
  foundation of the counseling profession is the
  client. The one who needs help. (Also,
  counselee, not patient).

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The Helping Professions

• Much of counseling derived from the field of
  psychology.
• The contributions of psychology include
  counseling theory and process, standardized
  assessment, individual and group counseling
  techniques, career development and
  decision-making theories.

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• Counseling and Its Relationship to Other Helping
  Professions

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Counseling and Its Relationship with Other
Helping Professions

• 1. Psychiatrist - physicians with specialized
  training in the treatment of behavioral
  abnormalities can dispense medication
• psychiatry - psyche (mind) plus iatreia
  (healing)
• 2. Psychologist - (clinical, counseling and
  school psychologists)

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• PSYCHOLOGIST WORK FROM THE NORMAL END OF THE
  DISTRIBUTION TOWARD THE MIDDLE AND PSYCHIATRIST
  WORK FROM THE PATHOLOGICAL END TOWARD THE MIDDLE.

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• Defining Counseling

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Defining Counseling

• What Counseling is Not - Patterson (1971) -
• is not the giving of information, though
  information may be given in counseling
• is not the giving of advice, suggestions,
  recommendations (advice should be recognized as
  such and not camouflaged as counseling)

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Defining Counseling

• is not influencing attitudes, beliefs, or
  behavior by means of persuading, leading, or
  convincing, no matter how indirectly, subtly, or
  painlessly
• it is not influencing of behavior by admonishing
  , warning, threatening, or compelling with the
  use of physical force or coercion (counseling is
  not discipline)

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Defining Counseling

• it is not the selection and assignment of
  individuals for various jobs or activities
  (counseling is not personnel work even though the
  same tests may be used in both)
• it is not interviewing (while interviewing is
  involved, it is not synonymous)

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Characteristics of Counseling

• 1. is concerned with influencing voluntary
  behavior change on the part of the client (client
  wants to change and seeks counselors help to
  change)
• 2. the purpose is counseling is to provide
  conditions that facilitate voluntary change
  (i.e..., conditions such as the individuals
  right to make choices, to be independent and
  autonomous)

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• 3. As in all relationships, limits are imposed on
  the counselee (determined by counseling goals)
• 4. Conditions facilitating behavioral change are
  provided through interviews (not all counseling
  is interviewing, but some is involved)

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• 5. Listening is present in counseling, but not
  all counseling is listening
• 6. The counselor understands clients
• 7. Counseling is conducted in privacy and the
  discussion is confidential
• 8. The client has a psychological problem and the
  counselor has to be someone skilled in working
  with clients with psychological problems.

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ACTIVITIES

• Discuss factors and events that influenced your
  decision to enter or consider the counseling
  profession
• Select and write down any historic leaders name.
  In 15 minutes, describe how the leader would
  have benefited from counseling at some particular
  point of his/her career.

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Activities

• Discuss characteristics attributable to those in
  the helping professions (medicine, law,
  dentistry, education, psychology, and social
  work) and how these characteristics help and/or
  hinder professional performance.