Introducing Strategy

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Introducing Strategy4
Predict Prove
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How Well Do You Predict?

• 1. How many slides will this presentation have?
• 2. What are three words that
• will be mentioned in this
• presentation?
• (Predict and prove dont
• count!)

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What Are Predictions?

• Predictions are the connecting links between
  prior knowledge and new information in the book.
  Its the interaction of these processes that
  coalescemuch like sparks firing before the
  bright flame ignites. . .
• (Gillett and Temple, 1990)

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Distinctive Qualities

• Predictions are related to inferring, of
  course, but we predict outcomes, events or
  actions that are confirmed or contradicted by the
  end of the story.
• Inferences are more open-ended and may remain
  unresolved when the story comes to a close.
• (Harvey Goudvis)

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Why Teach Predicting?

• When students make predictions, their
  understanding increases, and they are more
  interested in the reading material.
• Students use their background knowledge as well
  as clues from the text. . .to predict and
  anticipate or logically guess what the text
  will be about.
  (Fielding, Anderson, Pearson, 1990)

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Predicting. . .

• Accesses students topic knowledge, domain
  knowledge, and knowledge of text structures and
  text (Cooper, Lipson, Pikulski)
• Sets a purpose for reading
• Provides motivation(Student reads to confirm or
  contradict responses.) (Palinscar and Brown)

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• At Risk / Dependent readers often struggle
  because

• they dont predict what the selection might be
  about
• dont think about what they already know about a
  topic
• dont form images as they read.
• They open a book, look at words, and begin
  turning pages. (Beers)

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How Does Predicting Help?

• Familiarity with a particular type of text can
  override more limited familiarity with topic and
  vice versa.
• The students who are generally more well-read and
  comfortable with a variety of text types and
  structures can overcome some limitations in prior
  knowledge. (Cooper, Lipson, Pikulski)

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Predicting is Brain-- Compatible
Learning

• If it doesnt get their attention, students do
  not learn the material.
• Students need an emotional hook for learning
  which connects then to memory.
• The game of guessing creates novelty and
  engages the reader.

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Research Tells Us That..

• Complex learning is enhanced by challenge and
  inhibited by threat. (Caine and Caine)
• If students are guessing before reading, the
  factor of failure is eliminated. No one is
  expected to get it right. It is play.

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The Brain Loves Predicting

• The brain seeks meaning by organizing words,
  numbers and ideas into meaningful patterns.
• Humans naturally look for the pattern and want
  to fill in missing pieces.

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Techniques to
Predict and Prove
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Technique One
The Think Aloud
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Modeling Thought Processes

• I predict that Karana will kill the will dog
  that attacked her brother.
• If I bought 5 items at Target, I estimate the
  price will be about 25.00.
• My hypothesis is that combining pure sodium and
  water will create an explosion.
• As I listen to this symphony, I guess that the
  tempo of the of the second movement will be
  faster.

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Technique Two
Preview and Predict
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Survey of Narrative Text (Fiction)

• Students preview
• the book cover
• title of the story
• pictures and captions italicized words
• the first few paragraphs (introduction)

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.Narrative Text

• What type of genre will it be?
• What will be the setting?
• Who will be the characters?
• What will be the problem?
• How will the problem be solved?
• What dialogue will you expect to hear?
• What organization will the text have?

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Survey of Expository Text- (Nonfiction)

• Students look through the chapter to be read.
  They look at
• headings, subheadings
• key words
• illustrations and captions
• charts, graphs, tables, diagrams
• introductory paragraphs

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EXPOSITORY TEXT

• What major topics will be covered?
• What vocabulary will be used?
• How will the text be organized?
• Specialized predictions such as in math What
  operations can you expect to use in this word
  problem? Why?

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When Students. . .

• Glance over text, they predict what theyll
  see. They look for familiar words or topics
  which trigger thoughts from background knowledge
  and establish a purpose. (Cairo)

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Technique Three
Anticipation and Prediction Guide
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Anticipation/Prediction Guides Aid Comprehension
by

• Activating and accessing students prior
  knowledge.
• Motivating reluctant readers who search for
  evidence to support their answers.
• (Herber 1978)

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Summer Health Guide
Example Anticipation Guide

• Before Reading Do you agree or disagree with
  each statement?
• 1. Experts say even one bad sunburn during
  childhood can double your risk of getting skin
  cancer as an adult.
• 2. A wet T-shirt can protect you from getting
  burned.
• 3. Gray, green and brown sunglass lenses are the
  best.

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Technique Four
Stop, Predict, and Prove
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STOP AND PREDICT

• The teacher or student stops reading
  mid-sentence.
• The teacher asks students to predict the word
  that will be next or what will happen next.
• The teacher asks students to explain their
  thinking behind the prediction.

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Good readers adjust the predictions theyve made
as they gain new knowledge.

• Students may record whether the prediction(s)
  they made was confirmed or disproved by pointing
  to evidence from the text.
• Predictions are
• Confirmed
• Changed

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Predict and Prove

• A key word of this strategy is PROVE
• When the student proves a prediction to be true,
  it calls for careful reading of the text.

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Technique Five
The Cloze Technique
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Cloze Technique

• To set up a cloze passage
• Eliminate every 5th or 7th word in a passage,
  and ask the student to predict the word. This
  could be from their minds or a word bank.
• Advantages of a cloze passage
• The cloze technique encourages predictions,
  tests comprehension and increases recognition of
  semantic and syntactic clues.
• Can be used for any type of text

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Cloze Word Problem

• The blue whale is the largest ______ on earth.
  A blue whale can _____160 tons. An area of the
  _____contains an average of 2 blue _____in every
  9 square miles. In ___ area of 140 square miles,
  how ___ blue whales would you estimate there
  _____ be?

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How Well Did You Predict?

• Check your answers
• How many slides were used?
• What three words were used?
• How did you do?

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The Payoff

• In her classroom our speculations ranged the
  world. She breathed curiosity into us, so that
  each morning we came to her carrying new truths,
  new facts, new ideas, cupped and sheltered in our
  hands like captured fireflies..
• John Steinbeck

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Strategy4
Predict Prove
A way to boost comprehension!