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Magnetism

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Title: Magnetism


1
Chapter 19
  • Magnetism

2
Importance of Magnetism
  • In Terms of applications one of the most
    important fields Generators, transformers,
    motors, loudspeakers, sensors, magnetic tapes,
    hard disks. Levitation, MRI, cyclotrons,
    synchrotrons.
  • Still very active field of experimental and
    theoretical research.

3
Magnets
  • Poles of a magnet are the ends where objects are
    most strongly attracted
  • Two poles, called north and south
  • Like poles repel each other and unlike poles
    attract each other
  • Similar to electric charges
  • Magnetic poles cannot be isolated
  • If a permanent magnetic is cut in half
    repeatedly, you will still have a north and a
    south pole
  • This differs from electric charges
  • There is some theoretical basis for monopoles,
    but none have been detected

4
More About Magnetism
  • An unmagnetized piece of iron can be magnetized
    by stroking it with a magnet
  • Somewhat like stroking an object to charge an
    object
  • Magnetism can be induced
  • If a piece of iron, for example, is placed near a
    strong permanent magnet, it will become
    magnetized

5
Types of Magnetic Materials
  • Soft magnetic materials, such as iron, are easily
    magnetized
  • They also tend to lose their magnetism easily
  • Hard magnetic materials, such as cobalt and
    nickel, are difficult to magnetize
  • They tend to retain their magnetism

6
Assortment of Commercial Magnets
7
Sources of Magnetic Fields
  • The region of space surrounding a moving charge
    includes a magnetic field
  • The charge will also be surrounded by an electric
    field
  • A magnetic field surrounds a properly magnetized
    magnetic material

8
Magnetic Fields
  • A vector quantity
  • Symbolized by
  • Direction is given by the direction a north pole
    of a compass needle points in that location
  • Magnetic field lines can be used to show how the
    field lines, as traced out by a compass, would
    look

9
Magnetic Field Lines, sketch
  • A compass can be used to show the direction of
    the magnetic field lines (a)
  • A sketch of the magnetic field lines (b)

10
Magnetic Field Lines, Bar Magnet
  • Iron filings are used to show the pattern of the
    magnetic field lines
  • The direction of the field is the direction a
    north pole would point

11
Magnetic Field Lines, Unlike Poles
  • Iron filings are used to show the pattern of the
    magnetic field lines
  • The direction of the field is the direction a
    north pole would point
  • Compare to the electric field produced by an
    electric dipole

12
Magnetic Field Lines, Like Poles
  • Iron filings are used to show the pattern of the
    electric field lines
  • The direction of the field is the direction a
    north pole would point
  • Compare to the electric field produced by like
    charges

13
Earths Magnetic Field
  • The Earths geographic north pole corresponds to
    a magnetic south pole
  • The Earths geographic south pole corresponds to
    a magnetic north pole
  • Strictly speaking, a north pole should be a
    north-seeking pole and a south pole a
    south-seeking pole

14
Earths Magnetic Field
  • The Earths magnetic field resembles that
    achieved by burying a huge bar magnet deep in the
    Earths interior

15
Dip Angle of Earths Magnetic Field
  • If a compass is free to rotate vertically as well
    as horizontally, it points to the earths surface
  • The angle between the horizontal and the
    direction of the magnetic field is called the dip
    angle
  • The farther north the device is moved, the
    farther from horizontal the compass needle would
    be
  • The compass needle would be horizontal at the
    equator and the dip angle would be 0
  • The compass needle would point straight down at
    the south magnetic pole and the dip angle would
    be 90

16
More About the Earths Magnetic Poles
  • The dip angle of 90 is found at a point just
    north of Hudson Bay in Canada
  • This is considered to be the location of the
    south magnetic pole
  • The magnetic and geographic poles are not in the
    same exact location
  • The difference between true north, at the
    geographic north pole, and magnetic north is
    called the magnetic declination
  • The amount of declination varies by location on
    the earths surface

17
Earths Magnetic Declination
18
Magnetic declination map from 1860
19
Source of the Earths Magnetic Field
  • There cannot be large masses of permanently
    magnetized materials since the high temperatures
    of the core prevent materials from retaining
    permanent magnetization
  • The most likely source of the Earths magnetic
    field is believed to be electric currents in the
    liquid part of the core

20
Reversals of the Earths Magnetic Field
  • The direction of the Earths magnetic field
    reverses every few million years
  • Evidence of these reversals are found in basalts
    resulting from volcanic activity
  • The origin of the reversals is not understood

21
Magnetic Fields
  • When moving through a magnetic field, a charged
    particle experiences a magnetic force
  • This force has a maximum value when the charge
    moves perpendicularly to the magnetic field lines
  • This force is zero when the charge moves along
    the field lines

22
Magnetic Fields, cont
  • One can define a magnetic field in terms of the
    magnetic force exerted on a test charge moving in
    the field with velocity
  • Similar to the way electric fields are defined

23
Units of Magnetic Field
  • The SI unit of magnetic field is the Tesla (T)
  • Wb is a Weber
  • The cgs unit is a Gauss (G)
  • 1 T 104 G

24
A Few Typical B Values
  • Conventional laboratory magnets
  • 25000 G or 2.5 T
  • Superconducting magnets
  • 300000 G or 30 T
  • Earths magnetic field
  • 0.5 G or 5 x 10-5 T

25
Finding the Direction of Magnetic Force
  • Experiments show that the direction of the
    magnetic force is always perpendicular to both
    and
  • Fmax occurs when is perpendicular to
  • F 0 when is parallel to

Vector cross product
26
Right Hand Rule 1
  • Place your fingers in the direction of
  • Curl the fingers in the direction of the magnetic
    field,
  • Your thumb points in the direction of the force,
    , on a positive charge
  • If the charge is negative, the force is opposite
    that determined by the right hand rule

27
Cork-screw rule
  • Alternatively
  • Turn v in the direction of B on the shortest way.
    The direction of the force is given by the
    direction in which the cork-screw proceeds.

28
Example 19.1 A proton traveling in EarthMagnetic
field
  • A proton moves with a speed of 105 m/s through
    Earthmagnetic field, which has a value of 55 µT.
    When the proton moves northward, no magnetic
    force acts on it. (a) What is the direction of
    the magnetic field, and (b) what is the strength
    of the magnetic force when the proton moves
    eastward? (c) Calculate the gravitational force
    on the proton and compare it with the magnetic
    force. Compare it also with the electric force if
    there were an electric field with magnitude E
    1.5 102 N/C at that location, a common value at
    Earthsurface (mproton 1.6710-27 kg).

29
Example 19.1 A proton traveling in EarthMagnetic
field Solution
  • Since no force acts on the proton when it goes
    north, the magnetic field direction must be
    either 0 or 180. When the particle travels
    east, the magnetic force is directed upward. If
    the open flat hands points to the east and the
    thumb to the right (upward from the earth) the
    curled fingers point to the north, i.e. the
    magnetic field points north.
  • Magnitude of the field

30
Example 19.1 A proton traveling in EarthMagnetic
field Solution 2
(c) Gravitational force on the proton
Electric force for E 1.5102 N/C
Compared with magnetic force
31
Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying Conductor
  • A force is exerted on a current-carrying wire
    placed in a magnetic field
  • The current is a collection of many charged
    particles in motion
  • The direction of the force is given by right hand
    rule 1

32
Demonstration of the force of a magnetic field on
a current carrying wire
33
Force on a Wire
  • The blue xs indicate the magnetic field is
    directed into the page
  • The x represents the tail of the arrow
  • Blue dots would be used to represent the field
    directed out of the page
  • The represents the head of the arrow
  • In this case, there is no current, so there is no
    force

34
Force on a Wire,cont
  • B is into the page
  • The current is up the page
  • The force is to the left

35
Force on a Wire,final
  • B is into the page
  • The current is down the page
  • The force is to the right

36
Force on a Wire, equation
  • The magnetic force is exerted on each moving
    charge in the wire
  • The total force is the sum of all the magnetic
    forces on all the individual charges producing
    the current
  • F B I l sin ?
  • ? is the angle between and the direction of I
  • The direction is found by the right hand rule,
    placing your fingers in the direction of I
    instead of

37
Application Loudspeaker
38
Application Electromagnetic Pump for Blood
39
Example 19.3 A Current-Carrying Wire in Earths
Magnetic field
  • A wire carries a current of 22 A from west to
    east. Assume that at this location the magnetic
    field of Earth is horizontal and directed from
    south to north and that is has a magnitude of
    0.510-4 T. (a) Find the magnitude and direction
    of the magnetic force on a 36-m length of cable.
    (b) calculate the gravitational force on the same
    length of wire if its made of copper and has a
    cross-sectional area of 2.510-6 m2.

40
Example 19.3 A Current-Carrying Wire in Earths
Magnetic field Solutions
Magnetic force on the wire
The force is directed upwards
Gravitational force on the wire
41
Torque on a Rectangular Loop in a Magnetic Field
Top view of a rectangular loop in a uniform
magnetic field B
Side view of the rectangular loop and magnetic
forces
Forces on the sides of length b F1 F2 BIb
Maximum Torque tmax F1a/2 F2a/2 BIab
42
Torque on a Current Loop
  • Applies to any shape loop
  • N is the number of turns in the coil
  • Torque has a maximum value of NBIA
  • When q 90
  • Torque is zero when the field is parallel to the
    plane of the loop

43
Magnetic Moment
  • The vector is called the magnetic moment of
    the coil
  • Its magnitude is given by m IAN
  • The vector always points perpendicular to the
    plane of the loop(s)
  • The angle is between the moment and the field
  • The equation for the magnetic torque can be
    written as t mB sinq

44
Quick Quiz 19.3
  • A square and a circular loop with the same area
    lie in the xy-plane, where there is a uniform
    magnetic Field B pointing at some angle ? with
    respect to the positive z-direction. Each loop
    carries the same current, in the same direction.
    Which magnetic torque is larger? (a) the torque
    on the square loop (b the torque on the circular
    loop (c) the torques are the same (d) more
    information is needed

Answer (c)
45
Example 19.4 The Torque on a Circular Loop in a
Magnetic Field
  • A circular wire loop of radius 1 m is placed in a
    magnetic field of 0.5 T. The normal of the loop
    makes an angle of 30 with the magnetic field.
    The current in the loop is 2 A in the direction
    shown. (a) Find the magnetic moment of the loop
    and the magnitude of the torque at this instant.
    (b) The same current is carried by the
    rectangular 2-m by 3-m coil with three loops
    shown in Fig. (b). Find the magnetic moment of
    the coil and the torque acting on the coil at
    that instant.

46
Example 19.4 The Torque on a Circular Loop in a
Magnetic Field
  • Solutions
  • (a) Magnetic moment circular loop
  • µ IAN 2 p11 6.28 Am2
  • Torque
  • t µBsin? 6.280.5sin 30 1.57 Nm
  • (b) Magnetic moment rectang. loop

µ IAN 2233 36 Am2
Torque t µBsin? 360.5sin30 9 Nm
47
Electric Motor
  • An electric motor converts electrical energy to
    mechanical energy
  • The mechanical energy is in the form of
    rotational kinetic energy
  • An electric motor consists of a rigid
    current-carrying loop that rotates when placed in
    a magnetic field

48
Electric Motor, 2
  • The torque acting on the loop will tend to rotate
    the loop to smaller values of ? until the torque
    becomes 0 at ? 0
  • If the loop turns past this point and the current
    remains in the same direction, the torque
    reverses and turns the loop in the opposite
    direction

49
Electric Motor, 3
  • To provide continuous rotation in one direction,
    the current in the loop must periodically reverse
  • In ac motors, this reversal naturally occurs
  • In dc motors, a split-ring commutator and brushes
    are used
  • Actual motors would contain many current loops
    and commutators

50
Electric Motor, final
  • Just as the loop becomes perpendicular to the
    magnetic field and the torque becomes 0, inertia
    carries the loop forward and the brushes cross
    the gaps in the ring, causing the current loop to
    reverse its direction
  • This provides more torque to continue the
    rotation
  • The process repeats itself

51
Force on a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
  • Consider a particle moving in an external
    magnetic field so that its velocity is
    perpendicular to the field
  • The force is always directed toward the center of
    the circular path
  • The magnetic force causes a centripetal
    acceleration, changing the direction of the
    velocity of the particle

52
Force on a Charged Particle
  • Equating the magnetic and centripetal forces
  • Solving for r
  • r is proportional to the momentum of the particle
    and inversely proportional to the magnetic field
  • Sometimes called the cyclotron equation
  • Cyclotron frequency ? qB/m ? measure-ment of
    q/m (also in solids)

53
Particle Moving in an External Magnetic Field
  • If the particles velocity is not perpendicular
    to the field, the path followed by the particle
    is a spiral
  • The spiral path is called a helix

54
Applying Physics 19.3 Trapping Charges
Consider separately the components of the
particle velocity parallel vp and perpendicular
vs to the field lines. There is no magnetic force
on the particle associated with the velocity
component parallel to the field lines ? ?vp
0 vs will experience a magnetic force
perpendicular to it and to B. The particle
follows a circular arc. It exits the field on the
other side of the circle. To remain trapped, the
particle should either lose kinetic energy due to
collisions, or it should enter the field deeper,
so that the magnetic field extends below the part
shown.
55
QUICK Quiz 19.4
  • As a charged particle moves freely in a circular
    path in the presence of a constant magnetic field
    applied perpendicular to the particles velocity,
    its kinetic energy (a) remains constant, (b)
    increases, or (c) decreases?

Answer (a), the absolute value of v remains
constant, only its direction changes!
56
The Mass Spectrometer
Two singly ionized atoms move out of a slit at
point S and into a magnetic field of 0.1 T
pointing into the page. Each has a speed of 106
m/s. The first atom is hydrogen (one proton), the
second atom is deuterium (an isotope with one
proton and one neutron). Find their separation
near P.
57
Hans Christian Oersted
  • 1777 1851
  • Best known for observing that a compass needle
    deflects when placed near a wire carrying a
    current
  • First evidence of a connection between electric
    and magnetic phenomena

58
Magnetic Fields Long Straight Wire
  • A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field
  • The compass needle deflects in directions tangent
    to the circle
  • The compass needle points in the direction of the
    magnetic field produced by the current

59
Direction of the Field of a Long Straight Wire
  • Right Hand Rule 2
  • Grasp the wire in your right hand
  • Point your thumb in the direction of the current
  • Your fingers will curl in the direction of the
    field

60
Magnitude of the Field of a Long Straight Wire
  • The magnitude of the field at a distance r from a
    wire carrying a current of I is
  • µo 4 ? x 10-7 T.m / A
  • µo is called the permeability of free space

61
Ampères Law
  • André-Marie Ampère found a procedure for deriving
    the relationship between the current in an
    arbitrarily shaped wire and the magnetic field
    produced by the wire
  • Ampères Circuital Law
  • ?B ?l µo I
  • Sum over the closed path

62
Ampères Law, cont
  • Choose an arbitrary closed path around the
    current
  • Sum all the products of B ?l around the closed
    path

63
Ampères Law to Find B for a Long Straight Wire
  • Use a closed circular path
  • The circumference of the circle is 2 ? r
  • This is identical to the result previously
    obtained

General form of Amperes law
? Field inside outside a wire, coaxial cable
64
André-Marie Ampère
  • 1775 1836
  • Credited with the discovery of electromagnetism
  • Relationship between electric currents and
    magnetic fields
  • Mathematical genius evident by age 12

65
Example 19.7 The magnetic field of a long wire
A long, straight wire carries a current of 5 A.
At one instant, a proton, at 4 m from the wire
travels at 1.5103 m/s parallel to the wire and
in the same direction as the current. Find (a)
the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field
created by the wire. (b) Find the magnitude and
direction of the magnetic force the wire
magnetic field exerts on the proton.
66
Example 19.7 The magnetic field of a long wire
Solutions
(a) Magnitude of the magnetic field
The current points into the page (rule 2) (b)
Magnetic force on the proton
The force points to the left (rule 1)
67
Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
  • The force on wire 1 is due to the field B2
    produced by the current I2 in wire 2
  • The force is

68
Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors,
Cont.
  • The force per unit length is then
  • Definition of the Ampere
  • If two long, parallel wires 1m apart carry the
    same current, and the magnetic force per unit
    length on each wire is 210-7 N/m, then the
    current is defined to be 1 A.

69
Quick Quiz 19.5
If the currents I1 2A and I2 6 A, which of
the following is true? (a) F1 3 F2 (b) F1 F2
or (c) F1 F2/3
Answer (b), since F I1I2
70
Force Between Two Conductors, cont
  • Parallel conductors carrying currents in the same
    direction attract each other
  • Parallel conductors carrying currents in the
    opposite directions repel each other

71
Example 19.8 Levitating a wire
Two wires, each having a weight per unit length
of 10-4 N/m, are parallel with one directly above
the other. Assume that the wires carry currents
that are equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction. If the wires are 10 cm apart, and the
sum of gravitational force and magnetic force on
the upper wire is zero, calculate the current in
the wires.
72
Example 19.8 Levitating a wire Solution
For I1 I2 I follows
Solving for I2
73
Magnetic Field of a Current Loop
  • The strength of a magnetic field produced by a
    wire can be enhanced by forming the wire into a
    loop
  • All the segments, ?x, contribute to the field,
    increasing its strength

74
Magnetic Field of a Current Loop Total Field
75
Magnetic Field of a Current Loop Equation
  • The magnitude of the magnetic field at the center
    of a circular loop with a radius R and carrying
    current I is
  • With N loops in the coil, this becomes

76
Magnetic field of a loop of 4 straight wires
What is the field in the center of 4 long wires
forming a square, with a circle of radius R
inscribed within it?
This is the factor 1.27 larger than for the
inscribed loop. Although the loop is closer to
the center, there are contributions from the
wires beyond the square.
77
Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
  • If a long straight wire is bent into a coil of
    several closely spaced loops, the resulting
    device is called a solenoid
  • It is also known as an electromagnet since it
    acts like a magnet only when it carries a current

78
Magnetic Field of a Solenoid, 2
  • The field lines inside the solenoid are nearly
    parallel, uniformly spaced, and close together
  • This indicates that the field inside the solenoid
    is nearly uniform and strong
  • The exterior field is nonuniform, much weaker,
    and in the opposite direction to the field inside
    the solenoid

79
Magnetic Field in a Solenoid, 3
  • The field lines of the solenoid resemble those of
    a bar magnet

80
Magnetic Field in a Solenoid, Magnitude
  • The magnitude of the field inside a solenoid is
    constant at all points far from its ends
  • B µo n I
  • n is the number of turns per unit length
  • n N / l
  • The same result can be obtained by applying
    Ampères Law to the solenoid

81
Magnetic Field in a Solenoid from Ampères Law
  • A cross-sectional view of a tightly wound
    solenoid
  • If the solenoid is long compared to its radius,
    we assume the field inside is uniform and outside
    is zero
  • Apply Ampères Law to the blue dashed rectangle

82
Magnetic Field in a Solenoid from Ampères Law
The sum over B?l has only contributions from the
path 1. Path 2 and 4 are perpendicular to B and
path 2 is outside the solenoid, where B 0.
83
Example 19.9 The magnetic Field inside a
Solenoid
A certain solenoid consists of 100 turns of wire
and has a length of 10 cm. (a) Find the magnitude
of the field inside the solenoid when it carries
a current of 0.5 A. (b) What is the momentum of a
proton orbiting inside the solenoid in a circle
with a radius of 0.02 m? The axis of the solenoid
is perpendicular to the plane of the orbit. (c)
approximately how much wire would be needed to
build this solenoid? Assume the solenoids radius
is 5 cm.
84
Example 19.9 The magnetic Field inside a
Solenoid Solutions
(a) Magnetic field
(b) Momentum of a proton orbiting near the
center of the solenoid
(c) Approximate length of the wire needed to
build the solenoid
85
Television Screen Using Electro-magnets to
Deflect Electrons
86
Magnetic Effects of Electrons Orbits
  • An individual atom should act like a magnet
    because of the motion of the electrons about the
    nucleus
  • Each electron circles the atom once in about
    every 10-16 seconds
  • This would produce a current of 1.6 mA and a
    magnetic field of about 20 T at the center of the
    circular path
  • However, the magnetic field produced by one
    electron in an atom is often canceled by an
    oppositely revolving electron in the same atom

87
Magnetic Effects of Electrons Orbits, cont
  • The net result is that the magnetic effect
    produced by electrons orbiting the nucleus is
    either zero or very small for most materials

88
Magnetic Effects of Electrons Spins
  • Electrons also have spin
  • The classical model is to consider the electrons
    to spin like tops
  • It is actually a quantum effect

89
Magnetic Effects of Electrons Spins, cont
  • The field due to the spinning is generally
    stronger than the field due to the orbital motion
  • Electrons usually pair up with their spins
    opposite each other, so their fields cancel each
    other
  • That is why most materials are not naturally
    magnetic

90
Magnetic Effects of Electrons Domains
  • In some materials, the spins do not naturally
    cancel
  • Such materials are called ferromagnetic
  • Large groups of atoms in which the spins are
    aligned are called domains
  • When an external field is applied, the domains
    that are aligned with the field tend to grow at
    the expense of the others
  • This causes the material to become magnetized

91
Domains, cont
  • Random alignment, a, shows an unmagnetized
    material
  • When an external field is applied, the domains
    aligned with B grow, b

92
Domains and Permanent Magnets
  • In hard magnetic materials, the domains remain
    aligned after the external field is removed
  • The result is a permanent magnet
  • In soft magnetic materials, once the external
    field is removed, thermal agitation causes the
    materials to quickly return to an unmagnetized
    state
  • With a core in a loop, the magnetic field is
    enhanced since the domains in the core material
    align, increasing the magnetic field
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