Introduction to

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Chapter 1

• Introduction to
• Articulatory Phonetics

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Articulation

• Say Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled
  peppers
• while breathing out
• while breathing in
• Which is easier?
• Most speech sounds start in outgoing breath from
  the lungs
• The sounds ride on the pulmonic airstream
  mechanism vocal tract diagram to label

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(No Transcript)
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The Vocal Tract

• lips
• teeth
• alveolar ridge
• hard palate
• velum (soft palate)
• tongue tip
• tongue blade
• tongue root
• uvula
• larynx
• vocal folds
• nasal tract

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The Classification of Speech Sounds

• Based on
• Voicing
• Place of Articulation
• Manner of Articulation

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Voicing

• The primary division in the classification of
  sounds is voiced vs. voiceless
• Voiceless - vocal folds are apart and relaxed
• Voiced - vocal folds come together and vibrate as
  air comes up from lungs
• Speech Segment Voicing

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Voiced Segments in English
voice
-voice
cons
p,t,k,f,T,s,S
-consonant
b,d,g,v,D,z,Z m,n,N,r,l,w,y
i,A,u, etc.
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Place of Articulation

• Generalized Place of Articulation
• Detailed Place of Articulation

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Generalized Place of Articulation

• Primary Articulators
• lips (LABIAL)
• tongue tip blade (CORONAL)
• tongue root (DORSAL)

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Generalized Place of Articulation

• Classification
• LABIAL (lips)
• p,b,m,w,f,v
• CORONAL (blade)
• T,D,t,d,
• s,z,S,Z,n,
• r,l,j
• DORSAL (body)
• k,g,N,w
• missing h

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Detailed Place of Articulationfor English
Consonants

• Bilabial Labio Dental Alveolar Post Palatal
  Velar Glottal Dental
  Alv

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Detailed Place of Articulationfor English
Consonants

• Bilabial Labio Dental Alveolar Post Palatal
  Velar Glottal Dental
  Alv

p b m w
t d s z n ? l
k g N
f v
T D
S Z
h
j
(w)
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Manner of Articulationfor English Consonants

• Plosive (stop)
• Fricative
• Nasal
• Approximant
• Lateral Approximant

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Plosive (Stop)

• Characterized by complete closure of vocal tract
• followed by release (pre-vocalically)
• (put hand in front of mouth to feel burst in
  pill)
• A stop cannot be prolonged (as opposed to other
  consonants) cf. happen, versus ever, owing
• (fill in plosives in manner of articulation
  chart)

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Fricative

• partial vocal tract obstruction
• gives turbulent airflow
• (cf. the narrowing of a wide river makes
  whitewater)
• (fill in chart)

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Nasal

• stoppage in oral cavity
• velum lowers allowing air flow thru nasal cavity
• (hold nose and try saying day then nay)
• (fill in chart)

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Approximant

• approximates a consonant in constriction of vocal
  tract
• not enough closure to cause turbulent air flow
• not open enough to be a vowel
• (fill in chart)

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Lateral Approximant

• tongue center constriction (at alveolar ridge in
  English)
• air flows along sides of tongue
• (fill in chart)

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Manner of Articulationfor English Consonants
k g N
stop fric nasal approx lateral
p b m w
t d s z n ? l
f v
T D
S Z
h
j
(w)
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The Consonant Chart

• represents voicing by position left is -V, right
  is V
• represents place of articulation on the
  horizontal axis
• leftmost column corresponds to front of vocal
  tract
• rightmost column to back of vocal tract
• represents manner of articulation on the vertical
  axis
• top row corresponds to most closed articulation
  (stop)
• bottom row to most open articulation (approximant)

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Practice

• Homework
• fill in the two charts labeled English
  Consonants
• Quiz in class on Tuesday
• Dictation Consonants plus only one vowel i as
  in eat
• parameter quiz (write the symbol for the voice
  velar stop)
• Identify parts of the vocal tract from class
  worksheet

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Vowel Intro

• Vowels are described mainly in acoustic and
  auditory terms
• we hear some vowels as higher than others
• some as more front than others
• the notion of height corresponds somewhat with
  tongue height
• the notion of fronting corresponds somewhat
  with forward tongue position

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Vowels are Classified for

• height
• tongue advancement
• rounding

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English Vowels

• Vowel Chart

i
i
e
u
E
A
A
wksht 2 Vowel Classification
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English Vowel Chart

• Front Mid Back

i
u
High
I
U
oU
eI
?
Mid
E
?
Q
A
Low
rounded
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Spanish Vowel Chart

• Front Mid Back

i
u
High
o
Mid
e
Low
a
rounded
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How likely is this language?

• Front Mid Back

High
y
?
eI
?
o
Mid
?
e
a
Low
rounded unrounded
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Principle of Sufficient Perceptual Separation

• The sounds of a language are kept acoustically
  distinct so the listener can distinguish one
  sound from another
• central vowels are minimized
• front vowels are usually unrounded
• back vowels are usually rounded