Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

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Chapter 7

• Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

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Cognition

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• the mental activities involved in acquiring,
  retaining, and using knowledge

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Thinking

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• The manipulation of mental representations of
  information in order to draw inferences and
  conclusions

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Mental Image

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• A mental representation of objects or events that
  are not physically present

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Concept

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• A mental category that is formed by learning the
  rules or features that define it

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Natural Concept

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• A mental category that is formed as a result of
  everyday experience

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Prototype

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• The most typical instance of a particular concept

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Problem solving

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• Thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a
  goal that is not readily available

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Trial and Error

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• A problem-solving strategy that involves
  attempting different solutions and eliminating
  those that do not work

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Algorithm

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• A problem- solving strategy that involves
  following a specific rule, procedure, or method
  that inevitably produces the correct solution

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Heuristic

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• A problem-solving strategy that involves
  following a general rule of thumb to reduce the
  number of possible solution

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Insight

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• The sudden realization of how problem can be
  solved

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Intuition

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• Coming to a conclusion or making a judgment
  without conscious awareness of the thought in
  their usual or customary way

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Functional Fixedness

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• The tendency to view objects as functioning only
  in their usual or customary way

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Mental set

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• The tendency to persist in solving problems with
  solutions that have worked in the past

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Availability heuristic

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• A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is
  estimated on the basis of how readily available
  other instances of the even are in memory

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Representativeness heuristic

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• A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is
  estimated by comparing how similar it is to the
  prototype

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Language

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• A system for combining arbitrary symbols to
  produce an infinite number of meaningful
  statements

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Linguistic relativity Hypothesis

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• The notion that differences among languages cause
  differences in the thoughts of their speakers

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Animal Cognition

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• The study of animal learning, memory, thinking,
  and language

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Intelligence

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• The global capacity to think rationally, act
  purposefully, and deal effectively with the
  environment.

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Mental Age

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• A measurement of intelligence in which an
  individuals mental age is expressed in terms of
  the average abilities of a given age group

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Intelligence Quotient

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• An global measure of intelligence derived by
  comparing an individual's scores of others in the
  same age group

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Achievement test

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• A test designed to measure a persons level of
  knowledge, skill, or accomplishment in a
  particular areas

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Aptitude Test

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• A designed to assesses a persons capacity to
  benefit from education or training

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Standardization

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• The administration of a test to a large,
  representative sample of people under uniform
  conditions for the purpose of establishing norms

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Normal Distribution

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• A bell shaped distribution of individual
  differences in a normal population in which most
  scores cluster around the average score

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Reliability

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• The ability of a test to produce consistent
  results when administered on repeated occasions
  under similar conditions

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Validity

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• The ability of a test to measure what it is
  intended to measure

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G factor or General intelligence

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• The notion of a general intelligence factor that
  is responsible for a persons overall performance
  on tests of mental ability

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Triarchic theory of intelligence

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• Sternbergs theory that there are three distinct
  forms of intelligence analytic, creative, and
  practical

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Heritability

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• The percentage of variation within a given
  population that is due to heredity

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Stereotype threat

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• A psychological predicament in which fear that
  you will be evaluated in terms of negative
  stereotype about a group to which you belong
  creates anxiety and self-doubt, lowering
  performance in a particular domain that is
  important to you

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People

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Alfred Binset

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• French psychologist who, along with Simon,
  developed the first widely used intelligence test

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Howard Gardner

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• Contemporary American psychologist whose theory
  of intelligence states that there is not one
  intelligence, but multiple independent
  intelligence

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Charles Spearman

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• British psychologist who advanced the theory that
  a general intelligence factor, called the g
  factor, is responsible for overall intellectual
  functioning

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Lewis Terman

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• American psychologist who translated and adapted
  the Binet-Simon intelligence test used in the US
  he also began a major longitudinal study of the
  lives of gifted children in 1921

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Louis L. Thurstone

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• American psychologist who advanced the theory
  that intelligence is composed of several primary
  mental abilities and cannot accurately described
  by an overall general or g factor measure

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David Wechsler

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• American psychologist who developed the Wechsler
  Adult Intelligence Scale, the most widely used
  intelligence test.